{"id":46473,"date":"2024-09-04T07:54:45","date_gmt":"2024-09-04T07:54:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/?p=46473"},"modified":"2024-09-04T07:54:45","modified_gmt":"2024-09-04T07:54:45","slug":"37-important-linux-commands-you-should-know","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/37-important-linux-commands-you-should-know\/","title":{"rendered":"37 Important Linux Commands You Should Know"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_68_1 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title \" >\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 eztoc-toggle-hide-by-default' ><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/37-important-linux-commands-you-should-know\/#Key_Takeaways\" title=\"Key Takeaways\">Key Takeaways<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/37-important-linux-commands-you-should-know\/#The_Best_Linux_Commands_for_the_Terminal\" title=\"The Best Linux Commands for the Terminal\">The Best Linux Commands for the Terminal<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/37-important-linux-commands-you-should-know\/#1_alias\" title=\"1. alias\">1. alias<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/37-important-linux-commands-you-should-know\/#2_cat\" title=\"2. cat\">2. cat<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/37-important-linux-commands-you-should-know\/#3_cd\" title=\"3. cd\">3. cd<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/37-important-linux-commands-you-should-know\/#4_chmod\" title=\"4. chmod\">4. chmod<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/37-important-linux-commands-you-should-know\/#5_chown\" title=\"5. chown\">5. chown<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/37-important-linux-commands-you-should-know\/#6_curl\" title=\"6. curl\">6. curl<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/37-important-linux-commands-you-should-know\/#7_df\" title=\"7. df\">7. df<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/37-important-linux-commands-you-should-know\/#8_diff\" title=\"8. diff\">8. diff<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/37-important-linux-commands-you-should-know\/#9_echo\" title=\"9. echo\">9. echo<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/37-important-linux-commands-you-should-know\/#10_exit\" title=\"10. exit\">10. exit<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/37-important-linux-commands-you-should-know\/#11_find\" title=\"11. find\">11. find<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/37-important-linux-commands-you-should-know\/#12_finger\" title=\"12. finger\">12. finger<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/37-important-linux-commands-you-should-know\/#13_free\" title=\"13. free\">13. free<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/37-important-linux-commands-you-should-know\/#14_grep\" title=\"14. grep\">14. grep<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17\" href=\"https:\/\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/37-important-linux-commands-you-should-know\/#15_groups\" title=\"15. groups\">15. groups<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-18\" href=\"https:\/\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/37-important-linux-commands-you-should-know\/#16_gzip\" title=\"16. gzip\">16. gzip<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-19\" href=\"https:\/\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/37-important-linux-commands-you-should-know\/#17_head\" title=\"17. head\">17. head<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-20\" href=\"https:\/\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/37-important-linux-commands-you-should-know\/#18_history\" title=\"18. history\">18. history<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-21\" href=\"https:\/\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/37-important-linux-commands-you-should-know\/#19_kill\" title=\"19. kill\">19. kill<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-22\" href=\"https:\/\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/37-important-linux-commands-you-should-know\/#20_less\" title=\"20. less\">20. less<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-23\" href=\"https:\/\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/37-important-linux-commands-you-should-know\/#21_ls\" title=\"21. ls\">21. ls<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-24\" href=\"https:\/\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/37-important-linux-commands-you-should-know\/#22_man\" title=\"22. man\">22. man<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-25\" href=\"https:\/\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/37-important-linux-commands-you-should-know\/#23_mkdir\" title=\"23. mkdir\">23. mkdir<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-26\" href=\"https:\/\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/37-important-linux-commands-you-should-know\/#24_mv\" title=\"24. mv\">24. mv<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-27\" href=\"https:\/\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/37-important-linux-commands-you-should-know\/#25_passwd\" title=\"25. passwd\">25. passwd<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-28\" href=\"https:\/\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/37-important-linux-commands-you-should-know\/#26_ping\" title=\"26. ping\">26. ping<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-29\" href=\"https:\/\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/37-important-linux-commands-you-should-know\/#27_ps\" title=\"27. ps\">27. ps<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-30\" href=\"https:\/\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/37-important-linux-commands-you-should-know\/#28_pwd\" title=\"28. pwd\">28. pwd<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-31\" href=\"https:\/\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/37-important-linux-commands-you-should-know\/#29_shutdown\" title=\"29. shutdown\">29. shutdown<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-32\" href=\"https:\/\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/37-important-linux-commands-you-should-know\/#30_SSH\" title=\"30. SSH\">30. SSH<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-33\" href=\"https:\/\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/37-important-linux-commands-you-should-know\/#31_sudo\" title=\"31. sudo\">31. sudo<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-34\" href=\"https:\/\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/37-important-linux-commands-you-should-know\/#32_tail\" title=\"32. tail\">32. tail<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-35\" href=\"https:\/\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/37-important-linux-commands-you-should-know\/#33_tar\" title=\"33. tar\">33. tar<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-36\" href=\"https:\/\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/37-important-linux-commands-you-should-know\/#34_top\" title=\"34. top\">34. top<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-37\" href=\"https:\/\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/37-important-linux-commands-you-should-know\/#35_uname\" title=\"35. uname\">35. uname<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-38\" href=\"https:\/\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/37-important-linux-commands-you-should-know\/#36_w\" title=\"36. w\">36. w<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-39\" href=\"https:\/\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/37-important-linux-commands-you-should-know\/#37_whoami\" title=\"37. whoami\">37. whoami<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<div>\n<section class=\"emaki-custom-block emaki-custom-key-points\">\n<div class=\"emaki-custom key-points\" id=\"custom_block_0\">\n<h3 class=\"title icon i-list\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Key_Takeaways\"><\/span>Key Takeaways<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<div class=\"custom_block-content key-points\">\n<ul>\n<li> Use aliases to create shortcuts for commonly used commands. This can help save keystrokes and make navigating between different systems easier. <\/li>\n<li> cd, mkdir, and ls are essential for using any Linux operating system through the Terminal, and you should make an effort to remember how they work. <\/li>\n<li> The &#8220;man&#8221; command is a great built-in resource if you forget how any particular command works. <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<p><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"before\",\"adPosition\":0,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":0,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":0,\"ruleCount\":200,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"isEarlyInjection\":false,\"actualCount\":240} --><!-- Zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"after\",\"adPosition\":1,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":1,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":0,\"ruleCount\":200,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"isEarlyInjection\":false,\"actualCount\":0} --><br \/>\n<!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"isEarlyInjection\":false,\"currentRuleCount\":200,\"actualCount\":0,\"hasActualCountMetThreshold\":null,\"countRemainingForInjection\":null,\"nextBlockCount\":null,\"hasCountRemainingForInjectionMetThreshold\":null} --><\/section>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":1,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":1,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":1,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":0} --><br \/>\n<!-- No winning ad found for zone: below first paragraph! --><\/p>\n<p> Are you new to Linux or just a little rusty? Here are all the commands you&#8217;ll need to know. Think of this as an essential reference for the Linux terminal. This applies to the macOS command line, too. <\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":1,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":1,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":1,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":206} --><br \/>\n<!-- No winning ad found for zone: native in content! --><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"the-best-linux-commands-for-the-terminal\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_Best_Linux_Commands_for_the_Terminal\"><\/span> The Best Linux Commands for the Terminal <span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p> Linux includes a large number of commands, but we&#8217;ve chosen 37 of the most important ones to present here. Learn these commands, and you&#8217;ll be much more at home at the Linux command prompt. <\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":1,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":1,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":1,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":405} --><\/p>\n<p> The below list is presented in alphabetical order. A command&#8217;s position in the list is not representative of its usefulness or simplicity. For the final word on a command&#8217;s usage, refer to its man pages. The <code>man<\/code> command is in our list, of course \u2014 it&#8217;s short for &#8220;manual.&#8221; <\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":1,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":1,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":1,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":707} --><\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":1,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":1,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":1,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":707} --><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"alias\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1_alias\"><\/span> 1. alias <span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p> The alias command lets you give your own name to a command or sequence of commands. You can then type your short name, and the shell will execute the command or sequence of commands for you. <\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":1,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":1,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":1,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":899} --><br \/>\n<!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"isEarlyInjection\":true,\"currentRuleCount\":900,\"actualCount\":899,\"hasActualCountMetThreshold\":true,\"countRemainingForInjection\":1,\"nextBlockCount\":17,\"hasCountRemainingForInjectionMetThreshold\":true,\"nextCount\":916} --><\/p>\n<p><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"before\",\"adPosition\":1,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":1,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":1,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"isEarlyInjection\":true,\"actualCount\":900} --><!-- Zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"after\",\"adPosition\":2,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":2,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":1,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"isEarlyInjection\":true,\"actualCount\":0} --><\/p>\n<pre>alias cls=clear<\/pre>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":2,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":2,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":2,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":16} --><\/p>\n<p> This sets up an alias called <code>cls<\/code> . It will be another name for <code>clear<\/code> . When you type <code>cls<\/code>, it will clear the screen just as though you had typed <code>clear<\/code> . Your alias saves a few keystrokes, sure. But, if you frequently move between Windows and Linux command line, you can find yourself typing the Windows <code>cls<\/code> command on a Linux machine that doesn&#8217;t know what you mean. Now it will know. <\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":2,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":2,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":2,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":405} --><\/p>\n<p> Aliases can be much more intricate than that simple example. Here&#8217;s an alias called <code>pf<\/code> (for process find) that is just a little more complex. Note the use of quotation marks around the command sequence. This is required if the command sequence has spaces in it. This alias uses the <code>ps<\/code> command to list the running processes and then pipes them through the <code>grep<\/code> command. The <code>grep<\/code> command looks for entries in the output from <code>ps<\/code> that match the command line parameter <code>$1<\/code> . <\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":2,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":2,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":2,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":879} --><\/p>\n<pre>alias pf=\"ps -e | grep $1\"<\/pre>\n<p><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"before\",\"adPosition\":2,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":2,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":2,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"isEarlyInjection\":false,\"actualCount\":917} --><!-- Zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"after\",\"adPosition\":3,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":3,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":2,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"isEarlyInjection\":false,\"actualCount\":0} --><br \/>\n<!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"isEarlyInjection\":false,\"currentRuleCount\":900,\"actualCount\":0,\"hasActualCountMetThreshold\":null,\"countRemainingForInjection\":null,\"nextBlockCount\":null,\"hasCountRemainingForInjectionMetThreshold\":null} --><\/p>\n<p> If you wanted to discover the process ID (PID) of the <code>shutter<\/code> process \u2014 or to find out if <code>shutter<\/code> was even running \u2014 you could use the alias like this. Type <code>pf<\/code>, a space, and the name of the process you are interested in: <\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":3,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":3,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":3,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":234} --><\/p>\n<pre>pf shutter<\/pre>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":3,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":3,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":3,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":246} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"body-img landscape \">\n<div class=\"responsive-img image-expandable img-article-item\">\n<figure><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"644\" height=\"130\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"alias command in terminal window\" data-img-url=\"https:\/\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/37-Important-Linux-Commands-You-Should-Know.png\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/37-Important-Linux-Commands-You-Should-Know.png?resize=644%2C130&#038;ssl=1\" style=\"height:auto;max-width:100%\" title=\"\">  <\/figure>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":3,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":3,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":3,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":486} --><\/p>\n<p> Aliases defined on the command line will die with the terminal window. When you close it, they are gone. To make your aliases always be available to you, add them to the<code>.bash_aliases<\/code> file in your home directory. <\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":3,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":3,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":3,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":699} --><\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":3,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":3,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":3,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":699} --><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"cat\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2_cat\"><\/span> 2. cat <span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p> The <code>cat<\/code> command (short for &#8220;concatenate&#8221;) lists the contents of files to the terminal window. This is faster than opening the file in an editor, and there&#8217;s no chance you can accidentally alter the file. To read the contents of your <code>.bash_log_out<\/code> file, type the following command while the home directory is your current working directory, as it is by default: <\/p>\n<p><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"before\",\"adPosition\":3,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":3,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":3,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"isEarlyInjection\":false,\"actualCount\":1075} --><!-- Zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"after\",\"adPosition\":4,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":4,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":3,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"isEarlyInjection\":false,\"actualCount\":0} --><br \/>\n<!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"isEarlyInjection\":false,\"currentRuleCount\":900,\"actualCount\":0,\"hasActualCountMetThreshold\":null,\"countRemainingForInjection\":null,\"nextBlockCount\":null,\"hasCountRemainingForInjectionMetThreshold\":null} --><\/p>\n<pre>cat .bash_logout<\/pre>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":4,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":4,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":4,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":18} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"body-img landscape \">\n<div class=\"responsive-img image-expandable img-article-item\">\n<figure><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"644\" height=\"210\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"cat .bash_logout command in a terminal window\" data-img-url=\"https:\/\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/1725436468_314_37-Important-Linux-Commands-You-Should-Know.png\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/1725436468_314_37-Important-Linux-Commands-You-Should-Know.png?resize=644%2C210&#038;ssl=1\" style=\"height:auto;max-width:100%\" title=\"\">  <\/figure>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":4,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":4,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":4,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":258} --><\/p>\n<p> With files longer than the number of lines in your terminal window, the text will whip past too fast for you to read. You can pipe the output from <code>cat<\/code> through <code>less<\/code> to make the process more manageable. With <code>less<\/code> you can scroll forward and backward through the file using the Up and Down Arrow keys, the PgUp and PgDn keys, and the Home and End keys. Type <code>q<\/code> to quit from less. <\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":4,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":4,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":4,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":634} --><\/p>\n<pre>cat .bashrc | less<\/pre>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":4,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":4,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":4,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":654} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"body-img landscape \">\n<div class=\"responsive-img image-expandable img-article-item\">\n<figure><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"644\" height=\"380\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"cat .bashrc | Less in a terminal window\" data-img-url=\"https:\/\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/1725436468_742_37-Important-Linux-Commands-You-Should-Know.png\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/1725436468_742_37-Important-Linux-Commands-You-Should-Know.png?resize=644%2C380&#038;ssl=1\" style=\"height:auto;max-width:100%\" title=\"\">  <\/figure>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":4,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":4,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":4,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":894} --><\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":4,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":4,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":4,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":894} --><br \/>\n<!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"isEarlyInjection\":true,\"currentRuleCount\":900,\"actualCount\":894,\"hasActualCountMetThreshold\":true,\"countRemainingForInjection\":6,\"nextBlockCount\":111,\"hasCountRemainingForInjectionMetThreshold\":true,\"nextCount\":1005} --><\/p>\n<p><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"before\",\"adPosition\":4,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":4,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":4,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"isEarlyInjection\":true,\"actualCount\":900} --><!-- Zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"after\",\"adPosition\":5,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":5,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":4,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"isEarlyInjection\":true,\"actualCount\":0} --><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"cd\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3_cd\"><\/span> 3. cd <span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p> The <code>cd<\/code> command changes your current directory. In other words, it moves you to a new place in the filesystem. <\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":5,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":5,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":5,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":105} --><\/p>\n<p> If you are changing to a directory that is within your current directory, you can simply type <code>cd<\/code> and the name of the other directory. <\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":5,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":5,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":5,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":240} --><\/p>\n<pre>cd work<\/pre>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":5,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":5,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":5,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":249} --><\/p>\n<p> If you are changing to a directory elsewhere within the filesystem directory tree, provide the path to the directory with a leading \/. <\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":5,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":5,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":5,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":385} --><\/p>\n<pre>cd \/usr\/local\/bin<\/pre>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":5,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":5,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":5,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":404} --><\/p>\n<p> To quickly return to your home directory, use the <code>~<\/code> (tilde) character as the directory name. <\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":5,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":5,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":5,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":498} --><\/p>\n<pre>cd ~<\/pre>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":5,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":5,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":5,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":504} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"body-img landscape \">\n<div class=\"responsive-img image-expandable img-article-item\">\n<figure><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"644\" height=\"125\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"cd command in a terminal window\" data-img-url=\"https:\/\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/1725436468_1_37-Important-Linux-Commands-You-Should-Know.png\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/1725436468_1_37-Important-Linux-Commands-You-Should-Know.png?resize=644%2C125&#038;ssl=1\" style=\"height:auto;max-width:100%\" title=\"\">  <\/figure>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":5,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":5,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":5,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":744} --><\/p>\n<p> Here&#8217;s another trick: You can use the double dot symbol <code>..<\/code> to represent the parent of the current directory. You can type the following command to go up a directory: <\/p>\n<p><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"before\",\"adPosition\":5,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":5,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":5,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"isEarlyInjection\":false,\"actualCount\":915} --><!-- Zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"after\",\"adPosition\":6,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":6,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":5,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"isEarlyInjection\":false,\"actualCount\":0} --><br \/>\n<!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"isEarlyInjection\":false,\"currentRuleCount\":900,\"actualCount\":0,\"hasActualCountMetThreshold\":null,\"countRemainingForInjection\":null,\"nextBlockCount\":null,\"hasCountRemainingForInjectionMetThreshold\":null} --><\/p>\n<pre>cd ..<\/pre>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":6,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":6,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":6,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":7} --><\/p>\n<p> Imagine you are in a directory. The parent directory has other directories in it, as well as the directory you&#8217;re currently in. To change into one of those other directories, you can use the <code>..<\/code> symbol to shorten what you have to type. <\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":6,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":6,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":6,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":247} --><\/p>\n<pre>cd ..\/games<\/pre>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":6,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":6,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":6,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":260} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"body-img landscape \">\n<div class=\"responsive-img image-expandable img-article-item\">\n<figure><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"644\" height=\"75\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"cd command with .. in a terminal window\" data-img-url=\"https:\/\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/1725436469_524_37-Important-Linux-Commands-You-Should-Know.png\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/1725436469_524_37-Important-Linux-Commands-You-Should-Know.png?resize=644%2C75&#038;ssl=1\" style=\"height:auto;max-width:100%\" title=\"\">  <\/figure>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":6,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":6,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":6,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":500} --><\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":6,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":6,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":6,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":500} --><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"chmod\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"4_chmod\"><\/span> 4. chmod <span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p> The <code>chmod<\/code> command sets the file permissions flags on a file or folder. The flags define who can read, write to or execute the file. When you list files with the <code>-l<\/code> (long format) option you&#8217;ll see a string of characters that look like <\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":6,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":6,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":6,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":739} --><\/p>\n<pre>-rwxrwxrwx<\/pre>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":6,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":6,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":6,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":751} --><br \/>\n<!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"isEarlyInjection\":true,\"currentRuleCount\":900,\"actualCount\":751,\"hasActualCountMetThreshold\":true,\"countRemainingForInjection\":149,\"nextBlockCount\":443,\"hasCountRemainingForInjectionMetThreshold\":true,\"nextCount\":1194} --><\/p>\n<p><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"before\",\"adPosition\":6,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":6,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":6,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"isEarlyInjection\":true,\"actualCount\":900} --><!-- Zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"after\",\"adPosition\":7,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":7,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":6,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"isEarlyInjection\":true,\"actualCount\":0} --><\/p>\n<p> If the first character is a <code>-<\/code> the item is a file, if it is a <code>d<\/code> the item is a directory. The rest of the string is three sets of three characters. From the left, the first three represent the file permissions of the owner, the middle three represent the file permissions of the group and the rightmost three characters represent the permissions for others. In each set, an <code>r<\/code> stands for read, a <code>w<\/code> stands for write, and an <code>x<\/code> stands for execute. <\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":7,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":7,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":7,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":294} --><\/p>\n<p> If the <code>r<\/code>, <code>w<\/code>, or <code>x<\/code> character is present that file permission is granted. If the letter is not present and a <code>-<\/code> appears instead, that file permission is not granted. <\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":7,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":7,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":7,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":458} --><\/p>\n<p> One way to use <code>chmod<\/code> is to provide the permissions you wish to give to the owner, group, and others as a 3 digit number. The leftmost digit represents the owner. The middle digit represents the group. The rightmost digit represents the others. The digits you can use and what they represent are listed here: <\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":7,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":7,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":7,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":767} --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>0:<\/strong> No permission <\/li>\n<li><strong>1:<\/strong> Execute permission <\/li>\n<li><strong>2:<\/strong> Write permission <\/li>\n<li><strong>3:<\/strong> Write and execute permissions <\/li>\n<li><strong>4:<\/strong> Read permission <\/li>\n<li><strong>5:<\/strong> Read and execute permissions <\/li>\n<li><strong>6:<\/strong> Read and write permissions <\/li>\n<li><strong>7:<\/strong> Read, write and execute permissions <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"before\",\"adPosition\":7,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":7,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":7,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"isEarlyInjection\":false,\"actualCount\":980} --><!-- Zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"after\",\"adPosition\":8,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":8,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":7,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"isEarlyInjection\":false,\"actualCount\":0} --><br \/>\n<!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"isEarlyInjection\":false,\"currentRuleCount\":900,\"actualCount\":0,\"hasActualCountMetThreshold\":null,\"countRemainingForInjection\":null,\"nextBlockCount\":null,\"hasCountRemainingForInjectionMetThreshold\":null} --><\/p>\n<p> Looking at our example.txt file, we can see that all three sets of characters are <code>rwx<\/code>. That means everyone has read, write and execute rights with the file. <\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":8,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":8,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":8,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":158} --><\/p>\n<p> To set the permission to be read, write, and execute (7 from our list) for the owner; read and write (6 from our list) for the group; and read and execute (5 from our list) for the others we&#8217;d need to use the digits 765 with the <code>chmod<\/code> command: <\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":8,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":8,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":8,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":407} --><\/p>\n<pre>chmod -R 765 example.txt<\/pre>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":8,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":8,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":8,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":433} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"body-img landscape \">\n<div class=\"responsive-img image-expandable img-article-item\">\n<figure><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"644\" height=\"275\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"chmod command in a terminal window\" data-img-url=\"https:\/\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/1725436469_994_37-Important-Linux-Commands-You-Should-Know.png\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/1725436469_994_37-Important-Linux-Commands-You-Should-Know.png?resize=644%2C275&#038;ssl=1\" style=\"height:auto;max-width:100%\" title=\"\">  <\/figure>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":8,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":8,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":8,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":673} --><\/p>\n<p> To set the permission to be read, write and execute (7 from our list) for the owner, and read and write (6 from our list) for the group and for the others we&#8217;d need to use the digits 766 with the <code>chmod<\/code> command: <\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":8,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":8,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":8,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":889} --><br \/>\n<!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"isEarlyInjection\":true,\"currentRuleCount\":900,\"actualCount\":889,\"hasActualCountMetThreshold\":true,\"countRemainingForInjection\":11,\"nextBlockCount\":23,\"hasCountRemainingForInjectionMetThreshold\":true,\"nextCount\":912} --><\/p>\n<p><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"before\",\"adPosition\":8,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":8,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":8,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"isEarlyInjection\":true,\"actualCount\":900} --><!-- Zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"after\",\"adPosition\":9,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":9,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":8,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"isEarlyInjection\":true,\"actualCount\":0} --><\/p>\n<pre>chmod 766 example.txt<\/pre>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":9,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":9,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":9,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":12} --><\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":9,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":9,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":9,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":12} --><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"chown\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"5_chown\"><\/span> 5. chown <span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p> The <code>chown<\/code> command allows you to change the owner and group owner of a file. Listing our example.txt file with <code>ls -l<\/code> we can see <code>dave dave<\/code> in the file description. The first of these indicates the name of the file owner, which in this case is the user <code>dave<\/code>. The second entry shows that the name of the group owner is also <code>dave<\/code>. Each user has a default group created when the user is created. That user is the only member of that group. This shows that the file is not shared with any other groups of users. <\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":9,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":9,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":9,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":518} --><\/p>\n<p> You can use <code>chown<\/code> to change the owner or group, or both of a file. You must provide the name of the owner and the group, separated by a <code>:<\/code> character. You will need to use <code>sudo<\/code>. To retain dave as the owner of the file but to set mary as the group owner, use this command: <\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":9,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":9,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":9,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":789} --><\/p>\n<pre>sudo chown dave:mary example.txt<\/pre>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":9,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":9,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":9,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":823} --><br \/>\n<!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"isEarlyInjection\":true,\"currentRuleCount\":900,\"actualCount\":823,\"hasActualCountMetThreshold\":true,\"countRemainingForInjection\":77,\"nextBlockCount\":240,\"hasCountRemainingForInjectionMetThreshold\":true,\"nextCount\":1063} --><\/p>\n<p><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"before\",\"adPosition\":9,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":9,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":9,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"isEarlyInjection\":true,\"actualCount\":900} --><!-- Zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"after\",\"adPosition\":10,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":10,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":9,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"isEarlyInjection\":true,\"actualCount\":0} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"body-img landscape \">\n<div class=\"responsive-img image-expandable img-article-item\">\n<figure><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"644\" height=\"380\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"chown command in a terminal window\" data-img-url=\"https:\/\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/1725436469_308_37-Important-Linux-Commands-You-Should-Know.png\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/1725436469_308_37-Important-Linux-Commands-You-Should-Know.png?resize=644%2C380&#038;ssl=1\" style=\"height:auto;max-width:100%\" title=\"\">  <\/figure>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":10,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":10,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":10,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":163} --><\/p>\n<p> To change both the owner and the group owner to mary, you would use the following command; <\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":10,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":10,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":10,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":255} --><\/p>\n<pre>sudo chown mary:mary example.txt<\/pre>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":10,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":10,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":10,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":289} --><\/p>\n<p> To change the file so that dave is once more the file owner and the group owner, use this command: <\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":10,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":10,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":10,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":389} --><\/p>\n<pre>sudo chown dave:dave example.txt<\/pre>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":10,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":10,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":10,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":423} --><\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":10,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":10,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":10,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":423} --><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"curl\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"6_curl\"><\/span> 6. curl <span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p> The <code>curl<\/code> command is a tool to retrieve information and files from Uniform Resource Locators (URLs) or internet addresses. <\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":10,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":10,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":10,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":546} --><\/p>\n<p> The <code>curl<\/code> command may not be provided as a standard part of your Linux distribution. Use <code>apt-get<\/code> to install this package onto your system if you&#8217;re using Ubuntu or another Debian-based distribution. On other Linux distributions, use your Linux distribution&#8217;s package management tool instead. <\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":10,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":10,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":10,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":846} --><\/p>\n<pre>sudo apt-get install curl<\/pre>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":10,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":10,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":10,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":873} --><br \/>\n<!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"isEarlyInjection\":true,\"currentRuleCount\":900,\"actualCount\":873,\"hasActualCountMetThreshold\":true,\"countRemainingForInjection\":27,\"nextBlockCount\":230,\"hasCountRemainingForInjectionMetThreshold\":true,\"nextCount\":1103} --><\/p>\n<p><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"before\",\"adPosition\":10,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":10,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":10,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"isEarlyInjection\":true,\"actualCount\":900} --><!-- Zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"after\",\"adPosition\":11,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":11,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":10,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"isEarlyInjection\":true,\"actualCount\":0} --><\/p>\n<p> Suppose you want to retrieve a single file from a GitHub repository. There is no officially supported way to this. You&#8217;re forced to clone the entire repository. With <code>curl<\/code> however, we can retrieve the file we want on its own. <\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":11,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":11,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":11,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":203} --><\/p>\n<p> This command retrieves the file for us. Note that you need to specify the name of the file to save it in, using the <code>-o<\/code> (output) option. If you do not do this, the contents of the file are scrolled rapidly in the terminal window but not saved to your computer. <\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":11,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":11,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":11,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":464} --><\/p>\n<pre>curl  -o core.c<\/pre>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":11,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":11,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":11,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":557} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"body-img landscape \">\n<div class=\"responsive-img image-expandable img-article-item\">\n<figure><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"644\" height=\"245\" loading=\"lazy\" data-img-url=\"https:\/\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/1725436469_388_37-Important-Linux-Commands-You-Should-Know.png\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/1725436469_388_37-Important-Linux-Commands-You-Should-Know.png?resize=644%2C245&#038;ssl=1\" style=\"height:auto;max-width:100%\" alt=\"\" title=\"\">  <\/figure>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":11,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":11,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":11,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":797} --><\/p>\n<p> If you don&#8217;t want to see the download progress information use the <code>-s<\/code> (silent) option. <\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":11,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":11,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":11,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":889} --><br \/>\n<!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"isEarlyInjection\":true,\"currentRuleCount\":900,\"actualCount\":889,\"hasActualCountMetThreshold\":true,\"countRemainingForInjection\":11,\"nextBlockCount\":96,\"hasCountRemainingForInjectionMetThreshold\":true,\"nextCount\":985} --><\/p>\n<p><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"before\",\"adPosition\":11,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":11,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":11,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"isEarlyInjection\":true,\"actualCount\":900} --><!-- Zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"after\",\"adPosition\":12,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":12,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":11,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"isEarlyInjection\":true,\"actualCount\":0} --><\/p>\n<pre>curl -s  -o core.c<\/pre>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":12,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":12,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":12,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":85} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"body-img landscape \">\n<div class=\"responsive-img image-expandable img-article-item\">\n<figure><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"644\" height=\"130\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"curl in a terminal window\" data-img-url=\"https:\/\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/1725436470_116_37-Important-Linux-Commands-You-Should-Know.png\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/1725436470_116_37-Important-Linux-Commands-You-Should-Know.png?resize=644%2C130&#038;ssl=1\" style=\"height:auto;max-width:100%\" title=\"\">  <\/figure>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":12,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":12,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":12,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":325} --><\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":12,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":12,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":12,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":325} --><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"df\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"7_df\"><\/span> 7. df <span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p> The <code>df<\/code> command shows the size, used space, and available space on the mounted filesystems of your computer. <\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":12,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":12,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":12,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":434} --><\/p>\n<p> Two of the most useful options are the <code>-h<\/code> (human readable) and <code>-x<\/code> (exclude) options. The human-readable option displays the sizes in Mb or Gb instead of in bytes. The exclude option allows you to tell <code>df<\/code> to discount filesystems you are not interested in. For example, the <code>squashfs<\/code> pseudo-filesystems that are created when you install an application with the <code>snap<\/code> command. <\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":12,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":12,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":12,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":807} --><\/p>\n<pre>df -h -x squashfs<\/pre>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":12,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":12,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":12,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":826} --><br \/>\n<!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"isEarlyInjection\":true,\"currentRuleCount\":900,\"actualCount\":826,\"hasActualCountMetThreshold\":true,\"countRemainingForInjection\":74,\"nextBlockCount\":240,\"hasCountRemainingForInjectionMetThreshold\":true,\"nextCount\":1066} --><\/p>\n<p><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"before\",\"adPosition\":12,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":12,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":12,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"isEarlyInjection\":true,\"actualCount\":900} --><!-- Zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"after\",\"adPosition\":13,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":13,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":12,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"isEarlyInjection\":true,\"actualCount\":0} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"body-img landscape \">\n<div class=\"responsive-img image-expandable img-article-item\">\n<figure><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"644\" height=\"265\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"df command in a terminal window\" data-img-url=\"https:\/\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/1725436470_211_37-Important-Linux-Commands-You-Should-Know.png\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/1725436470_211_37-Important-Linux-Commands-You-Should-Know.png?resize=644%2C265&#038;ssl=1\" style=\"height:auto;max-width:100%\" title=\"\">  <\/figure>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":13,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":13,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":13,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":166} --><\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":13,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":13,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":13,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":166} --><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"diff\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"8_diff\"><\/span> 8. diff <span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p> The <code>diff<\/code> command compares two text files and shows the differences between them. There are many options to tailor the display to your requirements. <\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":13,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":13,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":13,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":315} --><\/p>\n<p> The <code>-y<\/code> (side by side) option shows the line differences side by side. The <code>-w<\/code> (width) option lets you specify the maximum line width to use to avoid wraparound lines. The two files are called alpha1.txt and alpha2.txt in this example. The <code>--suppress-common-lines<\/code> prevents <code>diff<\/code> from listing the matching lines, letting you focus on the lines which have differences. <\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":13,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":13,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":13,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":680} --><\/p>\n<pre>diff -y -W 70 alpha1.txt alpha2.txt --suppress-common-lines<\/pre>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":13,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":13,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":13,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":741} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"body-img landscape \">\n<div class=\"responsive-img image-expandable img-article-item\">\n<figure><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"644\" height=\"210\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"diff command in a terminal window\" data-img-url=\"https:\/\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/1725436470_342_37-Important-Linux-Commands-You-Should-Know.png\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/1725436470_342_37-Important-Linux-Commands-You-Should-Know.png?resize=644%2C210&#038;ssl=1\" style=\"height:auto;max-width:100%\" title=\"\">  <\/figure>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<p><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"before\",\"adPosition\":13,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":13,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":13,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"isEarlyInjection\":false,\"actualCount\":981} --><!-- Zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"after\",\"adPosition\":14,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":14,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":13,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"isEarlyInjection\":false,\"actualCount\":0} --><br \/>\n<!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"isEarlyInjection\":false,\"currentRuleCount\":900,\"actualCount\":0,\"hasActualCountMetThreshold\":null,\"countRemainingForInjection\":null,\"nextBlockCount\":null,\"hasCountRemainingForInjectionMetThreshold\":null} --><\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":14,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":14,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":14,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":0} --><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"echo\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"9_echo\"><\/span> 9. echo <span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p> The <code>echo<\/code> command prints (echoes) a string of text to the terminal window. <\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":14,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":14,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":14,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":75} --><\/p>\n<p> The command below will print the words &#8220;A string of text&#8221; on the terminal window. <\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":14,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":14,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":14,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":168} --><\/p>\n<pre>echo A string of text<\/pre>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":14,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":14,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":14,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":191} --><\/p>\n<p> The <code>echo<\/code> command can show the value of environment variables, for example, the <code>$USER<\/code>, <code>$HOME<\/code>, and <code>$PATH<\/code> environment variables. These hold the values of the name of the user, the user&#8217;s home directory, and the path searched for matching commands when the user types something on the command line. <\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":14,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":14,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":14,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":491} --><\/p>\n<pre>echo $USER<\/pre>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":14,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":14,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":14,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":503} --><\/p>\n<pre>echo $HOME<\/pre>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":14,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":14,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":14,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":515} --><\/p>\n<pre>echo $PATH<\/pre>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":14,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":14,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":14,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":527} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"body-img landscape \">\n<div class=\"responsive-img image-expandable img-article-item\">\n<figure><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"644\" height=\"225\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"echo command in a terminal window\" data-img-url=\"https:\/\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/1725436470_87_37-Important-Linux-Commands-You-Should-Know.png\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/1725436470_87_37-Important-Linux-Commands-You-Should-Know.png?resize=644%2C225&#038;ssl=1\" style=\"height:auto;max-width:100%\" title=\"\">  <\/figure>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":14,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":14,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":14,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":767} --><\/p>\n<p> The following command will cause a bleep to be issued. The <code>-e<\/code> (escape code) option interprets the escaped a character as <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bell_character\">a &#8216;bell&#8217; character<\/a>. <\/p>\n<p><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"before\",\"adPosition\":14,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":14,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":14,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"isEarlyInjection\":false,\"actualCount\":917} --><!-- Zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"after\",\"adPosition\":15,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":15,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":14,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"isEarlyInjection\":false,\"actualCount\":0} --><br \/>\n<!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"isEarlyInjection\":false,\"currentRuleCount\":900,\"actualCount\":0,\"hasActualCountMetThreshold\":null,\"countRemainingForInjection\":null,\"nextBlockCount\":null,\"hasCountRemainingForInjectionMetThreshold\":null} --><\/p>\n<pre>echo -e \"\\a\"<\/pre>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":15,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":15,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":15,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":24} --><\/p>\n<p> The <code>echo<\/code> command is also invaluable in shell scripts. A script can use this command to generate visible output to indicate the progress or results of the script as it is executed. <\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":15,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":15,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":15,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":205} --><\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":15,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":15,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":15,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":205} --><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"exit\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"10_exit\"><\/span> 10. exit <span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p> The exit command will close a terminal window, end the execution of a shell script, or log you out of an SSH remote access session. <\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":15,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":15,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":15,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":338} --><\/p>\n<pre>exit<\/pre>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":15,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":15,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":15,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":344} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"body-img landscape \">\n<div class=\"responsive-img image-expandable img-article-item\">\n<figure><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"644\" height=\"55\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"exit command in a terminal window\" data-img-url=\"https:\/\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/1725436471_493_37-Important-Linux-Commands-You-Should-Know.png\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/1725436471_493_37-Important-Linux-Commands-You-Should-Know.png?resize=644%2C55&#038;ssl=1\" style=\"height:auto;max-width:100%\" title=\"\">  <\/figure>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":15,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":15,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":15,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":584} --><\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":15,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":15,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":15,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":584} --><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"find\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"11_find\"><\/span> 11. find <span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p> Use the <code>find<\/code> command to track down files that you know exist if you can&#8217;t remember where you put them. You must tell <code>find<\/code> where to start searching from and what it is looking for. In this example, the <code>.<\/code> matches the current folder and the <code>-name<\/code> option tells <code>find<\/code> to look for files with a name that matches the search pattern. <\/p>\n<p><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"before\",\"adPosition\":15,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":15,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":15,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"isEarlyInjection\":false,\"actualCount\":914} --><!-- Zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"after\",\"adPosition\":16,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":16,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":15,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"isEarlyInjection\":false,\"actualCount\":0} --><br \/>\n<!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"isEarlyInjection\":false,\"currentRuleCount\":900,\"actualCount\":0,\"hasActualCountMetThreshold\":null,\"countRemainingForInjection\":null,\"nextBlockCount\":null,\"hasCountRemainingForInjectionMetThreshold\":null} --><\/p>\n<p> You can use wildcards, where <code>*<\/code> represents any sequence of characters and <code>?<\/code> represents any single character. We&#8217;re using <code>*ones*<\/code> to match any file name containing the sequence &#8220;ones.&#8221; This would match words like bones, stones, and lonesome. <\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":16,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":16,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":16,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":254} --><\/p>\n<pre>find . -name *ones*<\/pre>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":16,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":16,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":16,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":275} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"body-img landscape \">\n<div class=\"responsive-img image-expandable img-article-item\">\n<figure><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"644\" height=\"380\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"find command in a terminal window\" data-img-url=\"https:\/\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/1725436471_101_37-Important-Linux-Commands-You-Should-Know.png\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/1725436471_101_37-Important-Linux-Commands-You-Should-Know.png?resize=644%2C380&#038;ssl=1\" style=\"height:auto;max-width:100%\" title=\"\">  <\/figure>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":16,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":16,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":16,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":515} --><\/p>\n<p> As we can see, <code>find<\/code> has returned a list of matches. One of them is a directory called Ramones. We can tell <code>find<\/code> to restrict the search to files only. We do this using the <code>-type<\/code> option with the <code>f<\/code> parameter. The <code>f<\/code> parameter stands for files. <\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":16,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":16,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":16,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":756} --><\/p>\n<pre>find . -type f -name *ones*<\/pre>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":16,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":16,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":16,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":785} --><\/p>\n<p> If you want the search to be case insensitive use the <code>-iname<\/code> (insensitive name) option. <\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":16,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":16,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":16,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":874} --><\/p>\n<pre>find . -iname *wild*<\/pre>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":16,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":16,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":16,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":896} --><\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":16,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":16,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":16,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":896} --><br \/>\n<!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"isEarlyInjection\":true,\"currentRuleCount\":900,\"actualCount\":896,\"hasActualCountMetThreshold\":true,\"countRemainingForInjection\":4,\"nextBlockCount\":190,\"hasCountRemainingForInjectionMetThreshold\":true,\"nextCount\":1086} --><\/p>\n<p><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"before\",\"adPosition\":16,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":16,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":16,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"isEarlyInjection\":true,\"actualCount\":900} --><!-- Zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"after\",\"adPosition\":17,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":17,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":16,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"isEarlyInjection\":true,\"actualCount\":0} --><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"finger\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"12_finger\"><\/span> 12. finger <span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p> The <code>finger<\/code> command gives you a short dump of information about a user, including the time of the user&#8217;s last login, the user&#8217;s home directory, and the user account&#8217;s full name. <\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":17,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":17,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":17,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":186} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"body-img landscape \">\n<div class=\"responsive-img image-expandable img-article-item\">\n<figure><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"644\" height=\"165\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"finger command in a terminal window\" data-img-url=\"https:\/\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/1725436471_145_37-Important-Linux-Commands-You-Should-Know.png\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/1725436471_145_37-Important-Linux-Commands-You-Should-Know.png?resize=644%2C165&#038;ssl=1\" style=\"height:auto;max-width:100%\" title=\"\">  <\/figure>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":17,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":17,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":17,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":426} --><\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":17,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":17,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":17,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":426} --><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"free\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"13_free\"><\/span> 13. free <span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p> The <code>free<\/code> command gives you a summary of the memory usage with your computer. It does this for both the main Random Access Memory (RAM) and swap memory. The <code>-h<\/code> (human) option is used to provide human-friendly numbers and units. Without this option, the figures are presented in bytes. <\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":17,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":17,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":17,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":711} --><\/p>\n<pre>free -h<\/pre>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":17,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":17,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":17,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":720} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"body-img landscape \">\n<div class=\"responsive-img image-expandable img-article-item\">\n<figure><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"644\" height=\"165\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"free command in a terminal window\" data-img-url=\"https:\/\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/1725436471_663_37-Important-Linux-Commands-You-Should-Know.png\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/1725436471_663_37-Important-Linux-Commands-You-Should-Know.png?resize=644%2C165&#038;ssl=1\" style=\"height:auto;max-width:100%\" title=\"\">  <\/figure>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<p><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"before\",\"adPosition\":17,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":17,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":17,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"isEarlyInjection\":false,\"actualCount\":960} --><!-- Zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"after\",\"adPosition\":18,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":18,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":17,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"isEarlyInjection\":false,\"actualCount\":0} --><br \/>\n<!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"isEarlyInjection\":false,\"currentRuleCount\":900,\"actualCount\":0,\"hasActualCountMetThreshold\":null,\"countRemainingForInjection\":null,\"nextBlockCount\":null,\"hasCountRemainingForInjectionMetThreshold\":null} --><\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":18,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":18,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":18,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":0} --><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"grep\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"14_grep\"><\/span> 14. grep <span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p> The <code>grep<\/code> utility searches for lines which contain a search pattern. When we looked at the alias command, we used <code>grep<\/code> to search through the output of another program, <code>ps<\/code> . The <code>grep<\/code> command can also search the contents of files. Here we&#8217;re searching for the word &#8220;train&#8221; in all text files in the current directory. <\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":18,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":18,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":18,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":329} --><\/p>\n<pre>grep train *.txt<\/pre>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":18,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":18,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":18,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":347} --><\/p>\n<p> The output lists the name of the file and shows the lines that match. The matching text is highlighted. <\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":18,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":18,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":18,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":452} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"body-img landscape \">\n<div class=\"responsive-img image-expandable img-article-item\">\n<figure><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"644\" height=\"380\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"grep command in a terminal window\" data-img-url=\"https:\/\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/1725436472_32_37-Important-Linux-Commands-You-Should-Know.png\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/1725436472_32_37-Important-Linux-Commands-You-Should-Know.png?resize=644%2C380&#038;ssl=1\" style=\"height:auto;max-width:100%\" title=\"\">  <\/figure>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":18,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":18,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":18,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":692} --><\/p>\n<p> The functionality and sheer usefulness of <code>grep<\/code> definitely warrants you checking out <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/man7.org\/linux\/man-pages\/man1\/grep.1.html\">its man page<\/a>. <\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":18,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":18,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":18,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":791} --><\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":18,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":18,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":18,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":791} --><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"groups\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"15_groups\"><\/span> 15. groups <span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p> The <code>groups<\/code> command tells you which groups a user is a member of. <\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":18,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":18,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":18,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":857} --><\/p>\n<pre>groups dave<\/pre>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":18,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":18,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":18,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":870} --><\/p>\n<pre>groups mary<\/pre>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":18,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":18,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":18,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":883} --><br \/>\n<!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"isEarlyInjection\":true,\"currentRuleCount\":900,\"actualCount\":883,\"hasActualCountMetThreshold\":true,\"countRemainingForInjection\":17,\"nextBlockCount\":240,\"hasCountRemainingForInjectionMetThreshold\":true,\"nextCount\":1123} --><\/p>\n<p><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"before\",\"adPosition\":18,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":18,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":18,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"isEarlyInjection\":true,\"actualCount\":900} --><!-- Zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"after\",\"adPosition\":19,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":19,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":18,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"isEarlyInjection\":true,\"actualCount\":0} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"body-img landscape \">\n<div class=\"responsive-img image-expandable img-article-item\">\n<figure><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"644\" height=\"145\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"groups command in a terminal window\" data-img-url=\"https:\/\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/1725436472_586_37-Important-Linux-Commands-You-Should-Know.png\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/1725436472_586_37-Important-Linux-Commands-You-Should-Know.png?resize=644%2C145&#038;ssl=1\" style=\"height:auto;max-width:100%\" title=\"\">  <\/figure>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":19,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":19,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":19,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":223} --><\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":19,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":19,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":19,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":223} --><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"gzip\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"16_gzip\"><\/span> 16. gzip <span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p> The <code>gzip<\/code> command compresses files. By default, it removes the original file and leaves you with the compressed version. To retain both the original and the compressed version, use the <code>-k<\/code> (keep) option. <\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":19,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":19,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":19,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":426} --><\/p>\n<pre>gzip -k core.c<\/pre>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":19,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":19,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":19,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":442} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"body-img landscape \">\n<div class=\"responsive-img image-expandable img-article-item\">\n<figure><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"644\" height=\"145\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"gzip command in a terminal window\" data-img-url=\"https:\/\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/1725436472_125_37-Important-Linux-Commands-You-Should-Know.png\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/1725436472_125_37-Important-Linux-Commands-You-Should-Know.png?resize=644%2C145&#038;ssl=1\" style=\"height:auto;max-width:100%\" title=\"\">  <\/figure>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":19,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":19,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":19,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":682} --><\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":19,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":19,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":19,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":682} --><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"head\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"17_head\"><\/span> 17. head <span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p> The <code>head<\/code> command gives you a listing of the first 10 lines of a file. If you want to see fewer or more lines, use the <code>-n<\/code> (number) option. In this example, we use <code>head<\/code> with its default of 10 lines. We then repeat the command asking for only five lines. <\/p>\n<p><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"before\",\"adPosition\":19,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":19,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":19,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"isEarlyInjection\":false,\"actualCount\":935} --><!-- Zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"after\",\"adPosition\":20,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":20,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":19,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"isEarlyInjection\":false,\"actualCount\":0} --><br \/>\n<!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"isEarlyInjection\":false,\"currentRuleCount\":900,\"actualCount\":0,\"hasActualCountMetThreshold\":null,\"countRemainingForInjection\":null,\"nextBlockCount\":null,\"hasCountRemainingForInjectionMetThreshold\":null} --><\/p>\n<pre>head -core.c<\/pre>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":20,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":20,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":20,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":14} --><\/p>\n<pre>head -n 5 core.c<\/pre>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":20,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":20,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":20,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":32} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"body-img landscape \">\n<div class=\"responsive-img image-expandable img-article-item\">\n<figure><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"644\" height=\"380\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"head command in a terminal window\" data-img-url=\"https:\/\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/1725436473_16_37-Important-Linux-Commands-You-Should-Know.png\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/1725436473_16_37-Important-Linux-Commands-You-Should-Know.png?resize=644%2C380&#038;ssl=1\" style=\"height:auto;max-width:100%\" title=\"\">  <\/figure>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":20,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":20,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":20,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":272} --><\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":20,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":20,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":20,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":272} --><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"history\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"18_history\"><\/span> 18. history <span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p> The history command lists the commands you have previously issued on the command line. You can repeat any of the commands from your history by typing an exclamation point <code>!<\/code> and the number of the command from the history list. <\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":20,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":20,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":20,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":499} --><\/p>\n<pre>!188<\/pre>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":20,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":20,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":20,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":505} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"body-img landscape \">\n<div class=\"responsive-img image-expandable img-article-item\">\n<figure><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"644\" height=\"380\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"history command in a terminal window\" data-img-url=\"https:\/\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/1725436473_533_37-Important-Linux-Commands-You-Should-Know.png\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/1725436473_533_37-Important-Linux-Commands-You-Should-Know.png?resize=644%2C380&#038;ssl=1\" style=\"height:auto;max-width:100%\" title=\"\">  <\/figure>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":20,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":20,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":20,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":745} --><\/p>\n<p> Typing two exclamation points repeats your previous command. <\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":20,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":20,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":20,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":807} --><\/p>\n<pre>!!<\/pre>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":20,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":20,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":20,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":811} --><\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":20,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":20,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":20,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":811} --><br \/>\n<!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"isEarlyInjection\":true,\"currentRuleCount\":900,\"actualCount\":811,\"hasActualCountMetThreshold\":true,\"countRemainingForInjection\":89,\"nextBlockCount\":294,\"hasCountRemainingForInjectionMetThreshold\":true,\"nextCount\":1105} --><\/p>\n<p><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"before\",\"adPosition\":20,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":20,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":20,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"isEarlyInjection\":true,\"actualCount\":900} --><!-- Zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"after\",\"adPosition\":21,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":21,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":20,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"isEarlyInjection\":true,\"actualCount\":0} --><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"kill\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"19_kill\"><\/span> 19. kill <span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p> The <code>kill<\/code> command allows you to terminate a process from the command line. You do this by providing the process ID (PID) of the process to <code>kill<\/code>. Don&#8217;t kill processes willy-nilly. You need to have a good reason to do so. In this example, we&#8217;ll pretend the <code>shutter<\/code> program has locked up. <\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":21,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":21,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":21,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":205} --><\/p>\n<p> To find the PID of <code>shutter<\/code> we&#8217;ll use our <code>ps<\/code> and <code>grep<\/code> trick from the section about the <code>alias<\/code> command, above. We can search for the <code>shutter<\/code> process and obtain its PID as follows: <\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":21,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":21,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":21,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":387} --><\/p>\n<pre>ps -e | grep shutter.<\/pre>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":21,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":21,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":21,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":410} --><\/p>\n<p> Once we have determined the PID \u2014 1692 in this case \u2014 we can kill it as follows: <\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":21,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":21,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":21,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":504} --><\/p>\n<pre>kill 1692<\/pre>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":21,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":21,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":21,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":515} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"body-img landscape \">\n<div class=\"responsive-img image-expandable img-article-item\">\n<figure><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"644\" height=\"130\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"kill command in a terminal window\" data-img-url=\"https:\/\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/1725436473_637_37-Important-Linux-Commands-You-Should-Know.png\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/1725436473_637_37-Important-Linux-Commands-You-Should-Know.png?resize=644%2C130&#038;ssl=1\" style=\"height:auto;max-width:100%\" title=\"\">  <\/figure>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":21,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":21,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":21,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":755} --><\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":21,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":21,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":21,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":755} --><br \/>\n<!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"isEarlyInjection\":true,\"currentRuleCount\":900,\"actualCount\":755,\"hasActualCountMetThreshold\":true,\"countRemainingForInjection\":145,\"nextBlockCount\":343,\"hasCountRemainingForInjectionMetThreshold\":true,\"nextCount\":1098} --><\/p>\n<p><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"before\",\"adPosition\":21,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":21,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":21,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"isEarlyInjection\":true,\"actualCount\":900} --><!-- Zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"after\",\"adPosition\":22,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":22,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":21,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"isEarlyInjection\":true,\"actualCount\":0} --><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"less\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"20_less\"><\/span> 20. less <span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p> The <code>less<\/code> command allows you to view files without opening an editor. It&#8217;s faster to use, and there&#8217;s no chance of you inadvertently modifying the file. With <code>less<\/code> you can scroll forward and backward through the file using the Up and Down Arrow keys, the PgUp and PgDn keys and the Home and End keys. Press the Q key to <code>quit<\/code> from <code>less<\/code>. <\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":22,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":22,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":22,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":198} --><\/p>\n<p> To view a file provide its name to <code>less<\/code> as follows: <\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":22,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":22,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":22,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":251} --><\/p>\n<pre>less core.c<\/pre>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":22,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":22,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":22,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":264} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"body-img landscape \">\n<div class=\"responsive-img image-expandable img-article-item\">\n<figure><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"644\" height=\"380\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"less command in a terminal window\" data-img-url=\"https:\/\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/1725436473_952_37-Important-Linux-Commands-You-Should-Know.png\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/1725436473_952_37-Important-Linux-Commands-You-Should-Know.png?resize=644%2C380&#038;ssl=1\" style=\"height:auto;max-width:100%\" title=\"\">  <\/figure>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":22,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":22,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":22,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":504} --><\/p>\n<p> You can also pipe the output from other commands into <code>less<\/code>. To see the output from <code>ls<\/code> for a listing of your entire hard drive, use the following command: <\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":22,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":22,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":22,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":659} --><\/p>\n<pre>ls -R \/ | less<\/pre>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":22,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":22,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":22,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":675} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"body-img landscape \">\n<div class=\"responsive-img image-expandable img-article-item\">\n<figure><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"644\" height=\"380\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"less command in a terminal window\" data-img-url=\"https:\/\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/1725436474_468_37-Important-Linux-Commands-You-Should-Know.png\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/1725436474_468_37-Important-Linux-Commands-You-Should-Know.png?resize=644%2C380&#038;ssl=1\" style=\"height:auto;max-width:100%\" title=\"\">  <\/figure>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<p><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"before\",\"adPosition\":22,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":22,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":22,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"isEarlyInjection\":false,\"actualCount\":915} --><!-- Zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"after\",\"adPosition\":23,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":23,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":22,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"isEarlyInjection\":false,\"actualCount\":0} --><br \/>\n<!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"isEarlyInjection\":false,\"currentRuleCount\":900,\"actualCount\":0,\"hasActualCountMetThreshold\":null,\"countRemainingForInjection\":null,\"nextBlockCount\":null,\"hasCountRemainingForInjectionMetThreshold\":null} --><\/p>\n<p> Use <code>\/<\/code> to search forward in the file and use <code>?<\/code> to search backward. <\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":23,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":23,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":23,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":67} --><\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":23,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":23,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":23,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":67} --><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"ls\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"21_ls\"><\/span> 21. ls <span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p> This might be the first command the majority of Linux users meet. It lists the files and folders in the directory you specify. By default, <code>ls<\/code> looks in the current directory. There are a great many options you can use with <code>ls<\/code> , and we strongly advise reviewing its <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/man7.org\/linux\/man-pages\/man1\/ls.1.html\">the man page<\/a>. Some common examples are presented here. <\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":23,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":23,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":23,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":387} --><\/p>\n<p> To list the files and folders in the current directory: <\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":23,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":23,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":23,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":444} --><\/p>\n<pre>ls<\/pre>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":23,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":23,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":23,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":448} --><\/p>\n<p> To list the files and folders in the current directory with a detailed listing use the <code>-l<\/code> (long) option: <\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":23,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":23,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":23,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":554} --><\/p>\n<pre>ls -l<\/pre>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":23,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":23,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":23,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":561} --><\/p>\n<p> To use human-friendly file sizes include the <code>-h<\/code> (human) option: <\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":23,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":23,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":23,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":626} --><\/p>\n<pre>ls -lh<\/pre>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":23,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":23,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":23,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":634} --><\/p>\n<p> To include hidden files use the <code>-a<\/code> (all files) option: <\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":23,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":23,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":23,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":690} --><\/p>\n<pre>ls -lha<\/pre>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":23,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":23,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":23,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":699} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"body-img landscape \">\n<div class=\"responsive-img image-expandable img-article-item\">\n<figure><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"644\" height=\"380\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"ls command in a terminal window\" data-img-url=\"https:\/\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/1725436474_559_37-Important-Linux-Commands-You-Should-Know.png\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/1725436474_559_37-Important-Linux-Commands-You-Should-Know.png?resize=644%2C380&#038;ssl=1\" style=\"height:auto;max-width:100%\" title=\"\">  <\/figure>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<p><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"before\",\"adPosition\":23,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":23,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":23,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"isEarlyInjection\":false,\"actualCount\":939} --><!-- Zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"after\",\"adPosition\":24,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":24,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":23,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"isEarlyInjection\":false,\"actualCount\":0} --><br \/>\n<!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"isEarlyInjection\":false,\"currentRuleCount\":900,\"actualCount\":0,\"hasActualCountMetThreshold\":null,\"countRemainingForInjection\":null,\"nextBlockCount\":null,\"hasCountRemainingForInjectionMetThreshold\":null} --><\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":24,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":24,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":24,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":0} --><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"man\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"22_man\"><\/span> 22. man <span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p> The man command displays the &#8220;man pages&#8221; for a command in <code>less<\/code> . The man pages are the user manual for that command. Because <code>man<\/code> uses <code>less <\/code> to display the man pages, you can use the search capabilities of <code>less<\/code>. <\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":24,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":24,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":24,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":222} --><\/p>\n<p> For example, to see the man pages for <code>chown<\/code>, use the following command: <\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":24,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":24,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":24,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":295} --><\/p>\n<pre>man chown<\/pre>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":24,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":24,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":24,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":306} --><\/p>\n<p> Use the Up and Down arrow or PgUp and PgDn keys to scroll through the document. Press <code>q<\/code> to quit the man page or press<code>h<\/code> for help. <\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":24,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":24,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":24,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":436} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"body-img landscape \">\n<div class=\"responsive-img image-expandable img-article-item\">\n<figure><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"644\" height=\"380\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"man command in a terminal window\" data-img-url=\"https:\/\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/1725436474_480_37-Important-Linux-Commands-You-Should-Know.png\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/1725436474_480_37-Important-Linux-Commands-You-Should-Know.png?resize=644%2C380&#038;ssl=1\" style=\"height:auto;max-width:100%\" title=\"\">  <\/figure>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":24,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":24,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":24,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":676} --><\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":24,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":24,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":24,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":676} --><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"mkdir\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"23_mkdir\"><\/span> 23. mkdir <span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p> The <code>mkdir<\/code> command allows you to create new directories in the filesystem. You must provide the name of the new directory to <code>mkdir<\/code>. If the new directory is not going to be within the current directory, you must provide the path to the new directory. <\/p>\n<p><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"before\",\"adPosition\":24,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":24,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":24,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"isEarlyInjection\":false,\"actualCount\":926} --><!-- Zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"after\",\"adPosition\":25,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":25,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":24,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"isEarlyInjection\":false,\"actualCount\":0} --><br \/>\n<!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"isEarlyInjection\":false,\"currentRuleCount\":900,\"actualCount\":0,\"hasActualCountMetThreshold\":null,\"countRemainingForInjection\":null,\"nextBlockCount\":null,\"hasCountRemainingForInjectionMetThreshold\":null} --><\/p>\n<p> To create two new directories in the current directory called &#8220;invoices&#8221; and &#8220;quotes,&#8221; use these two commands: <\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":25,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":25,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":25,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":132} --><\/p>\n<pre>mkdir invoices<\/pre>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":25,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":25,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":25,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":148} --><\/p>\n<pre>mkdir quotes<\/pre>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":25,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":25,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":25,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":162} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"body-img landscape \">\n<div class=\"responsive-img image-expandable img-article-item\">\n<figure><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"644\" height=\"380\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"mkdir command in a terminal window\" data-img-url=\"https:\/\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/1725436474_53_37-Important-Linux-Commands-You-Should-Know.png\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/1725436474_53_37-Important-Linux-Commands-You-Should-Know.png?resize=644%2C380&#038;ssl=1\" style=\"height:auto;max-width:100%\" title=\"\">  <\/figure>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":25,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":25,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":25,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":402} --><\/p>\n<p> To create a new directory called &#8220;2019&#8221; inside the &#8220;invoices&#8221; directory, use this command: <\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":25,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":25,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":25,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":514} --><\/p>\n<pre>mkdir invoices\/2109<\/pre>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":25,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":25,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":25,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":535} --><\/p>\n<p> If you are going to create a directory, but its parent directory does not exist, you can use the <code>-p<\/code> (parents) option to have <code>mkdir<\/code> create all of the required parent directories too. In the following command, we are creating the &#8220;2019&#8221; directory inside the &#8220;yearly&#8221; directory inside the &#8220;quotes&#8221; directory. The &#8220;yearly&#8221; directory does not exist, but we can have <code>mkdir<\/code> create all the specified directories at once: <\/p>\n<p><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"before\",\"adPosition\":25,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":25,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":25,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"isEarlyInjection\":false,\"actualCount\":989} --><!-- Zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"after\",\"adPosition\":26,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":26,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":25,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"isEarlyInjection\":false,\"actualCount\":0} --><br \/>\n<!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"isEarlyInjection\":false,\"currentRuleCount\":900,\"actualCount\":0,\"hasActualCountMetThreshold\":null,\"countRemainingForInjection\":null,\"nextBlockCount\":null,\"hasCountRemainingForInjectionMetThreshold\":null} --><\/p>\n<pre>mkdir -p quotes\/yearly\/2019<\/pre>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":26,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":26,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":26,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":29} --><\/p>\n<p> The &#8220;yearly&#8221; directory is also created. <\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":26,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":26,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":26,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":80} --><\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":26,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":26,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":26,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":80} --><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"mv\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"24_mv\"><\/span> 24. mv <span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p> The <code>mv<\/code> command allows you to move files and directories from directory to directory. It also allows you to rename files. <\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":26,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":26,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":26,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":202} --><\/p>\n<p> To move a file you must tell <code>mv<\/code> where the file is and where you want it to be moved to. In this example, we&#8217;re moving a file called <code>apache.pdf<\/code> from the &#8220;~\/Document\/Ukulele&#8221; directory and placing it in the current directory, represented by the single <code>.<\/code> character. <\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":26,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":26,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":26,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":480} --><\/p>\n<pre>mv ~\/Documents\/Ukulele\/Apache.pdf .<\/pre>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":26,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":26,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":26,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":517} --><\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":26,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":26,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":26,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":517} --><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" alt=\"mv command in a terminal window\" height=\"275\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/1725436475_387_37-Important-Linux-Commands-You-Should-Know.png?resize=644%2C275&#038;ssl=1\" width=\"644\" title=\"\"> <\/h2>\n<p> To rename the file, you &#8220;move&#8221; it into a new file with the new name. <\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":26,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":26,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":26,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":597} --><\/p>\n<pre>mv Apache.pdf The_Shadows_Apache.pdf<\/pre>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":26,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":26,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":26,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":635} --><\/p>\n<p> The file move and rename action could have been achieved in one step: <\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":26,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":26,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":26,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":706} --><\/p>\n<pre>mv ~\/Documents\/Ukulele\/Apache.pdf .\/The_Shadows_Apache.pdf<\/pre>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":26,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":26,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":26,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":766} --><\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":26,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":26,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":26,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":766} --><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"passwd\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"25_passwd\"><\/span> 25. passwd <span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p> The <code>passwd<\/code> command lets you change the password for a user. Just type <code>passwd<\/code> to change your own password. <\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":26,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":26,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":26,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":873} --><br \/>\n<!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"isEarlyInjection\":true,\"currentRuleCount\":900,\"actualCount\":873,\"hasActualCountMetThreshold\":true,\"countRemainingForInjection\":27,\"nextBlockCount\":133,\"hasCountRemainingForInjectionMetThreshold\":true,\"nextCount\":1006} --><\/p>\n<p><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"before\",\"adPosition\":26,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":26,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":26,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"isEarlyInjection\":true,\"actualCount\":900} --><!-- Zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"after\",\"adPosition\":27,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":27,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":26,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"isEarlyInjection\":true,\"actualCount\":0} --><\/p>\n<p> You can also change the password of another user account, but you must use <code>sudo<\/code>. You will be asked to enter the new password twice. <\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":27,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":27,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":27,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":106} --><\/p>\n<pre>sudo passwd mary<\/pre>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":27,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":27,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":27,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":124} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"body-img landscape \">\n<div class=\"responsive-img image-expandable img-article-item\">\n<figure><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"644\" height=\"145\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"passwd command in a terminal window\" data-img-url=\"https:\/\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/1725436475_368_37-Important-Linux-Commands-You-Should-Know.png\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/1725436475_368_37-Important-Linux-Commands-You-Should-Know.png?resize=644%2C145&#038;ssl=1\" style=\"height:auto;max-width:100%\" title=\"\">  <\/figure>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":27,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":27,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":27,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":364} --><\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":27,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":27,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":27,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":364} --><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"ping\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"26_ping\"><\/span> 26. ping <span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p> The <code>ping<\/code> command lets you verify that you have network connectivity with another network device. It is commonly used to help troubleshoot networking issues. To use <code>ping<\/code>, provide the IP address or machine name of the other device. <\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":27,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":27,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":27,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":595} --><\/p>\n<pre>ping 192.168.4.18<\/pre>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":27,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":27,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":27,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":614} --><\/p>\n<p> The <code>ping<\/code> command will run until you stop it with Ctrl+C. <\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":27,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":27,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":27,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":672} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"body-img landscape \">\n<div class=\"responsive-img image-expandable img-article-item\">\n<figure><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"644\" height=\"380\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"ping in a terminal window\" data-img-url=\"https:\/\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/1725436475_194_37-Important-Linux-Commands-You-Should-Know.png\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/1725436475_194_37-Important-Linux-Commands-You-Should-Know.png?resize=644%2C380&#038;ssl=1\" style=\"height:auto;max-width:100%\" title=\"\">  <\/figure>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<p><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"before\",\"adPosition\":27,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":27,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":27,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"isEarlyInjection\":false,\"actualCount\":912} --><!-- Zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"after\",\"adPosition\":28,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":28,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":27,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"isEarlyInjection\":false,\"actualCount\":0} --><br \/>\n<!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"isEarlyInjection\":false,\"currentRuleCount\":900,\"actualCount\":0,\"hasActualCountMetThreshold\":null,\"countRemainingForInjection\":null,\"nextBlockCount\":null,\"hasCountRemainingForInjectionMetThreshold\":null} --><\/p>\n<p> Here&#8217;s what&#8217;s going on here: <\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":28,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":28,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":28,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":38} --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li> The device at IP address 192.168.4.18 is responding to our ping requests and is sending back packets of 64 bytes. <\/li>\n<li> The <a rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Internet_Control_Message_Protocol\">Internet Control Messaging Protocol<\/a> (ICMP) sequence numbering allows us to check for missed responses (dropped packets). <\/li>\n<li> The TTL figure is the &#8220;time to live&#8221; for a packet. Each time the packet goes through a router, it is (supposed to be) decremented by one. If it reaches zero the packet is thrown away. The aim of this is to prevent network loopback problems from flooding the network. <\/li>\n<li> The time value is the duration of the round trip from your computer to the device and back. Simply put, the lower this time, the better. <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":28,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":28,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":28,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":696} --><\/p>\n<p> To ask <code>ping<\/code> to run for a specific number of ping attempts, use the <code>-c<\/code> (count) option. <\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":28,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":28,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":28,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":783} --><\/p>\n<pre>ping -c 5 192.168.4.18<\/pre>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":28,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":28,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":28,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":807} --><\/p>\n<p> To hear a ping, use the <code>-a<\/code> (audible) option. <\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":28,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":28,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":28,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":853} --><\/p>\n<pre>ping -a 192.168.4.18<\/pre>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":28,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":28,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":28,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":875} --><\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":28,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":28,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":28,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":875} --><br \/>\n<!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"isEarlyInjection\":true,\"currentRuleCount\":900,\"actualCount\":875,\"hasActualCountMetThreshold\":true,\"countRemainingForInjection\":25,\"nextBlockCount\":132,\"hasCountRemainingForInjectionMetThreshold\":true,\"nextCount\":1007} --><\/p>\n<p><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"before\",\"adPosition\":28,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":28,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":28,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"isEarlyInjection\":true,\"actualCount\":900} --><!-- Zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"after\",\"adPosition\":29,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":29,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":28,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"isEarlyInjection\":true,\"actualCount\":0} --><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"ps\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"27_ps\"><\/span> 27. ps <span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p> The <code>ps<\/code> command lists running processes. Using <code>ps<\/code> without any options causes it to list the processes running in the current shell. <\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":29,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":29,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":29,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":107} --><\/p>\n<pre>ps<\/pre>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":29,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":29,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":29,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":111} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"body-img landscape \">\n<div class=\"responsive-img image-expandable img-article-item\">\n<figure><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"644\" height=\"131\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"ps command in a terminal window\" data-img-url=\"https:\/\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/1725436476_924_37-Important-Linux-Commands-You-Should-Know.png\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/1725436476_924_37-Important-Linux-Commands-You-Should-Know.png?resize=644%2C131&#038;ssl=1\" style=\"height:auto;max-width:100%\" title=\"\">  <\/figure>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":29,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":29,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":29,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":351} --><\/p>\n<p> To see all the processes related to a particular user, use the <code>-u<\/code> (user) option. This is likely to be a long list, so for convenience pipe it through <code>less<\/code>. <\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":29,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":29,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":29,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":508} --><\/p>\n<pre>ps -u dave | less<\/pre>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":29,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":29,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":29,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":527} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"body-img landscape \">\n<div class=\"responsive-img image-expandable img-article-item\">\n<figure><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"644\" height=\"380\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"ps command in a terminal window\" data-img-url=\"https:\/\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/1725436476_753_37-Important-Linux-Commands-You-Should-Know.png\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/1725436476_753_37-Important-Linux-Commands-You-Should-Know.png?resize=644%2C380&#038;ssl=1\" style=\"height:auto;max-width:100%\" title=\"\">  <\/figure>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":29,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":29,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":29,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":767} --><\/p>\n<p> To see every process that is running, use the <code>-e<\/code> (every process) option: <\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":29,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":29,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":29,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":841} --><\/p>\n<pre>ps -e | less<\/pre>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":29,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":29,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":29,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":855} --><\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":29,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":29,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":29,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":855} --><br \/>\n<!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"isEarlyInjection\":true,\"currentRuleCount\":900,\"actualCount\":855,\"hasActualCountMetThreshold\":true,\"countRemainingForInjection\":45,\"nextBlockCount\":114,\"hasCountRemainingForInjectionMetThreshold\":true,\"nextCount\":969} --><\/p>\n<p><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"before\",\"adPosition\":29,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":29,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":29,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"isEarlyInjection\":true,\"actualCount\":900} --><!-- Zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"after\",\"adPosition\":30,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":30,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":29,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"isEarlyInjection\":true,\"actualCount\":0} --><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"pwd\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"28_pwd\"><\/span> 28. pwd <span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p> Nice and simple, the <code>pwd<\/code> command prints the working directory (the current directory) from the root \/ directory. <\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":30,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":30,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":30,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":69} --><\/p>\n<pre>pwd<\/pre>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":30,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":30,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":30,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":74} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"body-img landscape \">\n<div class=\"responsive-img image-expandable img-article-item\">\n<figure><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"644\" height=\"95\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"pwd command in a terminal window\" data-img-url=\"https:\/\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/1725436476_490_37-Important-Linux-Commands-You-Should-Know.png\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/1725436476_490_37-Important-Linux-Commands-You-Should-Know.png?resize=644%2C95&#038;ssl=1\" style=\"height:auto;max-width:100%\" title=\"\">  <\/figure>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":30,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":30,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":30,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":314} --><\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":30,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":30,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":30,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":314} --><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"shutdown\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"29_shutdown\"><\/span> 29. shutdown <span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p> The shutdown command lets you shut down or reboot your Linux system. <\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":30,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":30,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":30,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":384} --><\/p>\n<p> Using <code>shutdown<\/code> with no parameters will shut down your computer in one minute. <\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":30,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":30,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":30,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":463} --><\/p>\n<p> shutdown <\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":30,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":30,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":30,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":473} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"body-img landscape \">\n<div class=\"responsive-img image-expandable img-article-item\">\n<figure><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"644\" height=\"55\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"shutdown command in a terminal window\" data-img-url=\"https:\/\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/1725436476_251_37-Important-Linux-Commands-You-Should-Know.png\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/1725436476_251_37-Important-Linux-Commands-You-Should-Know.png?resize=644%2C55&#038;ssl=1\" style=\"height:auto;max-width:100%\" title=\"\">  <\/figure>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":30,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":30,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":30,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":713} --><\/p>\n<p> To shut down immediately, use the <code>now<\/code> parameter. <\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":30,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":30,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":30,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":763} --><\/p>\n<pre>shutdown now<\/pre>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":30,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":30,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":30,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":777} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"body-img landscape \">\n<div class=\"responsive-img image-expandable img-article-item\">\n<figure><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"644\" height=\"55\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"shutdown now\" data-img-url=\"https:\/\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/1725436477_659_37-Important-Linux-Commands-You-Should-Know.png\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/1725436477_659_37-Important-Linux-Commands-You-Should-Know.png?resize=644%2C55&#038;ssl=1\" style=\"height:auto;max-width:100%\" title=\"\">  <\/figure>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<p><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"before\",\"adPosition\":30,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":30,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":30,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"isEarlyInjection\":false,\"actualCount\":1017} --><!-- Zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"after\",\"adPosition\":31,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":31,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":30,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"isEarlyInjection\":false,\"actualCount\":0} --><br \/>\n<!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"isEarlyInjection\":false,\"currentRuleCount\":900,\"actualCount\":0,\"hasActualCountMetThreshold\":null,\"countRemainingForInjection\":null,\"nextBlockCount\":null,\"hasCountRemainingForInjectionMetThreshold\":null} --><\/p>\n<p> You can also schedule a shutdown and inform any logged in users of the pending shutdown. To let the <code>shutdown<\/code> command know when you want it to shut down, you provide it with a time. This can be a set number of minutes from now, such as <code>+90<\/code> or a precise time, like <code>23:00<\/code>. Any text message you provide is broadcast to logged in users. <\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":31,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":31,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":31,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":333} --><\/p>\n<pre>shutdown 23:00 Shutdown tonight at 23:00, save your work and log out before then!<\/pre>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":31,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":31,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":31,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":416} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"body-img landscape \">\n<div class=\"responsive-img image-expandable img-article-item\">\n<figure><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"644\" height=\"135\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"shutdown 23:00 with message\" data-img-url=\"https:\/\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/1725436477_805_37-Important-Linux-Commands-You-Should-Know.png\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/1725436477_805_37-Important-Linux-Commands-You-Should-Know.png?resize=644%2C135&#038;ssl=1\" style=\"height:auto;max-width:100%\" title=\"\">  <\/figure>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":31,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":31,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":31,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":656} --><\/p>\n<p> To cancel a shutdown, use the <code>-c<\/code> (cancel) option. Here we have scheduled a shutdown for fifteen minutes time from now \u2014 and then changed our minds. <\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":31,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":31,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":31,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":811} --><\/p>\n<pre>shutdown +15 Shutting down in 15 minutes!<\/pre>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":31,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":31,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":31,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":854} --><\/p>\n<pre>shutdown -c<\/pre>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":31,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":31,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":31,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":867} --><br \/>\n<!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"isEarlyInjection\":true,\"currentRuleCount\":900,\"actualCount\":867,\"hasActualCountMetThreshold\":true,\"countRemainingForInjection\":33,\"nextBlockCount\":240,\"hasCountRemainingForInjectionMetThreshold\":true,\"nextCount\":1107} --><\/p>\n<p><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"before\",\"adPosition\":31,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":31,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":31,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"isEarlyInjection\":true,\"actualCount\":900} --><!-- Zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"after\",\"adPosition\":32,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":32,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":31,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"isEarlyInjection\":true,\"actualCount\":0} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"body-img landscape \">\n<div class=\"responsive-img image-expandable img-article-item\">\n<figure><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"644\" height=\"135\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Shutdown -c cancel command\" data-img-url=\"https:\/\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/1725436477_569_37-Important-Linux-Commands-You-Should-Know.png\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/1725436477_569_37-Important-Linux-Commands-You-Should-Know.png?resize=644%2C135&#038;ssl=1\" style=\"height:auto;max-width:100%\" title=\"\">  <\/figure>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":32,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":32,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":32,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":207} --><\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":32,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":32,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":32,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":207} --><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"ssh\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"30_SSH\"><\/span> 30. SSH <span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p> Use the ssh command to make a connection to a remote Linux computer and log into your account. To make a connection, you must provide your user name and the IP address or domain name of the remote computer. In this example, the user mary is logging into the computer at 192.168.4.23. Once the connection is established, she is asked for her password. <\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":32,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":32,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":32,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":559} --><\/p>\n<pre>ssh mary@192.168.4.23<\/pre>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":32,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":32,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":32,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":582} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"body-img landscape \">\n<div class=\"responsive-img image-expandable img-article-item\">\n<figure><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"637\" height=\"64\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"ssh command in a terminal window\" data-img-url=\"https:\/\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/1725436477_309_37-Important-Linux-Commands-You-Should-Know.png\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/1725436477_309_37-Important-Linux-Commands-You-Should-Know.png?resize=637%2C64&#038;ssl=1\" style=\"height:auto;max-width:100%\" title=\"\">  <\/figure>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":32,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":32,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":32,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":822} --><br \/>\n<!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"isEarlyInjection\":true,\"currentRuleCount\":900,\"actualCount\":822,\"hasActualCountMetThreshold\":true,\"countRemainingForInjection\":78,\"nextBlockCount\":164,\"hasCountRemainingForInjectionMetThreshold\":true,\"nextCount\":986} --><\/p>\n<p><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"before\",\"adPosition\":32,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":32,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":32,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"isEarlyInjection\":true,\"actualCount\":900} --><!-- Zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"after\",\"adPosition\":33,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":33,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":32,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"isEarlyInjection\":true,\"actualCount\":0} --><\/p>\n<p> Her user name and password are verified and accepted, and she is logged in. Notice that her prompt has changed from &#8220;Nostromo&#8221; to &#8220;howtogeek.&#8221; <\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":33,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":33,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":33,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":86} --><\/p>\n<p> Mary issues the <code>w<\/code> command to list the current users on &#8220;howtogeek&#8221; system. She is listed as being connected from pts\/1, which is a pseudo-terminal slave. That is, it is not a terminal directly connected to the computer. <\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":33,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":33,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":33,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":317} --><\/p>\n<p> To close the session, mary types <code>exit<\/code> and is returned to the shell on the &#8220;Nostromo&#8221; computer. <\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":33,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":33,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":33,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":423} --><\/p>\n<pre>w<\/pre>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":33,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":33,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":33,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":426} --><\/p>\n<pre>exit<\/pre>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":33,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":33,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":33,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":432} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"body-img landscape \">\n<div class=\"responsive-img image-expandable img-article-item\">\n<figure><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"639\" height=\"214\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"w and exit commands in a terminal window\" data-img-url=\"https:\/\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/1725436478_580_37-Important-Linux-Commands-You-Should-Know.png\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/1725436478_580_37-Important-Linux-Commands-You-Should-Know.png?resize=639%2C214&#038;ssl=1\" style=\"height:auto;max-width:100%\" title=\"\">  <\/figure>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":33,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":33,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":33,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":672} --><\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":33,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":33,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":33,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":672} --><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"sudo\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"31_sudo\"><\/span> 31. sudo <span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p> The <code>sudo<\/code> command is required when performing actions that require root or superuser permissions, such as changing the password for another user. <\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":33,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":33,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":33,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":818} --><\/p>\n<pre>sudo passwd mary<\/pre>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":33,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":33,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":33,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":836} --><br \/>\n<!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"isEarlyInjection\":true,\"currentRuleCount\":900,\"actualCount\":836,\"hasActualCountMetThreshold\":true,\"countRemainingForInjection\":64,\"nextBlockCount\":240,\"hasCountRemainingForInjectionMetThreshold\":true,\"nextCount\":1076} --><\/p>\n<p><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"before\",\"adPosition\":33,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":33,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":33,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"isEarlyInjection\":true,\"actualCount\":900} --><!-- Zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"after\",\"adPosition\":34,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":34,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":33,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"isEarlyInjection\":true,\"actualCount\":0} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"body-img landscape \">\n<div class=\"responsive-img image-expandable img-article-item\">\n<figure><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"644\" height=\"145\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"passwd command in a terminal window\" data-img-url=\"https:\/\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/1725436475_368_37-Important-Linux-Commands-You-Should-Know.png\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/1725436475_368_37-Important-Linux-Commands-You-Should-Know.png?resize=644%2C145&#038;ssl=1\" style=\"height:auto;max-width:100%\" title=\"\">  <\/figure>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":34,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":34,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":34,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":176} --><\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":34,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":34,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":34,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":176} --><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"tail\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"32_tail\"><\/span> 32. tail <span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p> The <code>tail<\/code> command gives you a listing of the last 10 lines of a file. If you want to see fewer or more lines, use the <code>-n<\/code> (number) option. In this example, we use <code>tail<\/code> with its default of 10 lines. We then repeat the command asking for only five lines. <\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":34,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":34,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":34,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":428} --><\/p>\n<pre>tail core.c<\/pre>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":34,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":34,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":34,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":441} --><\/p>\n<pre>tail -n 5 core.c<\/pre>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":34,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":34,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":34,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":459} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"body-img landscape \">\n<div class=\"responsive-img image-expandable img-article-item\">\n<figure><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"644\" height=\"380\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"tail command in a terminal window\" data-img-url=\"https:\/\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/1725436478_588_37-Important-Linux-Commands-You-Should-Know.png\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/1725436478_588_37-Important-Linux-Commands-You-Should-Know.png?resize=644%2C380&#038;ssl=1\" style=\"height:auto;max-width:100%\" title=\"\">  <\/figure>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":34,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":34,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":34,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":699} --><\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":34,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":34,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":34,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":699} --><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"tar\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"33_tar\"><\/span> 33. tar <span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p> With the <code>tar<\/code> command, you can create an archive file (also called a tarball) that can contain many other files. This makes it much more convenient to distribute a collection of files. You can also use <code>tar<\/code> to extract the files from an archive file. It is common to ask <code>tar<\/code> to compress the archive. If you do not ask for compression, the archive file is created uncompressed. <\/p>\n<p><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"before\",\"adPosition\":34,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":34,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":34,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"isEarlyInjection\":false,\"actualCount\":1074} --><!-- Zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"after\",\"adPosition\":35,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":35,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":34,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"isEarlyInjection\":false,\"actualCount\":0} --><br \/>\n<!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"isEarlyInjection\":false,\"currentRuleCount\":900,\"actualCount\":0,\"hasActualCountMetThreshold\":null,\"countRemainingForInjection\":null,\"nextBlockCount\":null,\"hasCountRemainingForInjectionMetThreshold\":null} --><\/p>\n<p> To create an archive file, you need to tell <code>tar<\/code> which files to include in the archive file, and the name you wish the archive file to have. <\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":35,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":35,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":35,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":141} --><\/p>\n<p> In this example, the user is going to archive all of the files in the Ukulele directory, which is in the current directory. <\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":35,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":35,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":35,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":266} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"body-img landscape \">\n<div class=\"responsive-img image-expandable img-article-item\">\n<figure><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"644\" height=\"95\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"ls command in the terminal window\" data-img-url=\"https:\/\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/1725436478_665_37-Important-Linux-Commands-You-Should-Know.png\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/1725436478_665_37-Important-Linux-Commands-You-Should-Know.png?resize=644%2C95&#038;ssl=1\" style=\"height:auto;max-width:100%\" title=\"\">  <\/figure>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":35,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":35,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":35,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":506} --><\/p>\n<p> They have used the <code>-c<\/code> (create) option and the <code>-v<\/code> (verbose) option. The verbose option gives some visual feedback by listing the files to the terminal window as they are added to the archive. The <code>-f<\/code> (filename) option is followed by the desired name of the archive. In this case, it is <code>songs.tar<\/code>. <\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":35,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":35,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":35,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":802} --><\/p>\n<pre>tar -cvf songs.tar Ukulele\/<\/pre>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":35,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":35,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":35,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":831} --><br \/>\n<!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"isEarlyInjection\":true,\"currentRuleCount\":900,\"actualCount\":831,\"hasActualCountMetThreshold\":true,\"countRemainingForInjection\":69,\"nextBlockCount\":240,\"hasCountRemainingForInjectionMetThreshold\":true,\"nextCount\":1071} --><\/p>\n<p><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"before\",\"adPosition\":35,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":35,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":35,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"isEarlyInjection\":true,\"actualCount\":900} --><!-- Zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"after\",\"adPosition\":36,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":36,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":35,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"isEarlyInjection\":true,\"actualCount\":0} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"body-img landscape \">\n<div class=\"responsive-img image-expandable img-article-item\">\n<figure><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"644\" height=\"95\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"tar -cvf command in a terminal window\" data-img-url=\"https:\/\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/1725436478_432_37-Important-Linux-Commands-You-Should-Know.png\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/1725436478_432_37-Important-Linux-Commands-You-Should-Know.png?resize=644%2C95&#038;ssl=1\" style=\"height:auto;max-width:100%\" title=\"\">  <\/figure>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":36,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":36,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":36,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":171} --><\/p>\n<p> The files are listed to the terminal window as they are added to the archive file. <\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":36,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":36,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":36,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":255} --><\/p>\n<p> There are two ways to tell <code>tar<\/code> that you want the archive file to be compressed. The first is with the <code>-z<\/code> (gzip) option. This tells tar to use the <code>gzip<\/code> utility to compress the archive once it has been created. <\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":36,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":36,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":36,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":465} --><\/p>\n<p> It is usual to add &#8220;.gz&#8221; as suffix to this type of archive. That allows anyone who is extracting files from it to know which commands to pass to <code>tar<\/code> to correctly retrieve the files. <\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":36,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":36,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":36,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":658} --><\/p>\n<pre>tar -cvzf songs.tar.gz Ukulele\/<\/pre>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":36,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":36,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":36,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":691} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"body-img landscape \">\n<div class=\"responsive-img image-expandable img-article-item\">\n<figure><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"644\" height=\"55\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"tar -cvzf command in a terminal window\" data-img-url=\"https:\/\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/1725436479_597_37-Important-Linux-Commands-You-Should-Know.png\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/1725436479_597_37-Important-Linux-Commands-You-Should-Know.png?resize=644%2C55&#038;ssl=1\" style=\"height:auto;max-width:100%\" title=\"\">  <\/figure>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<p><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"before\",\"adPosition\":36,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":36,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":36,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"isEarlyInjection\":false,\"actualCount\":931} --><!-- Zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"after\",\"adPosition\":37,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":37,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":36,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"isEarlyInjection\":false,\"actualCount\":0} --><br \/>\n<!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"isEarlyInjection\":false,\"currentRuleCount\":900,\"actualCount\":0,\"hasActualCountMetThreshold\":null,\"countRemainingForInjection\":null,\"nextBlockCount\":null,\"hasCountRemainingForInjectionMetThreshold\":null} --><\/p>\n<p> The files are listed to the terminal window as they are added to the archive file as before, but the creation of the archive will take a little longer because of the time required for the compression. <\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":37,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":37,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":37,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":202} --><\/p>\n<p> To create an archive file that is compressed using a superior compression algorithm giving a smaller archive file use the <code>-j<\/code> (bzip2) option. <\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":37,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":37,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":37,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":344} --><\/p>\n<pre>tar -cvjf songs.tar.bz2 Ukulele\/<\/pre>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":37,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":37,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":37,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":378} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"body-img landscape \">\n<div class=\"responsive-img image-expandable img-article-item\">\n<figure><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"644\" height=\"55\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"tar -cvjf command in a terminal window\" data-img-url=\"https:\/\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/1725436479_858_37-Important-Linux-Commands-You-Should-Know.png\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/1725436479_858_37-Important-Linux-Commands-You-Should-Know.png?resize=644%2C55&#038;ssl=1\" style=\"height:auto;max-width:100%\" title=\"\">  <\/figure>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":37,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":37,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":37,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":618} --><\/p>\n<p> Once again, the files are listed as the archive is created. The <code>-j<\/code> option is noticeably slower than the <code>-z<\/code> option. <\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":37,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":37,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":37,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":734} --><\/p>\n<p> If you are archiving a great many files, you must choose between the <code>-z<\/code> option for decent compression and reasonable speed, or the <code>-j<\/code> option for better compression and slower speed. <\/p>\n<p><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"before\",\"adPosition\":37,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":37,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":37,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"isEarlyInjection\":false,\"actualCount\":917} --><!-- Zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"after\",\"adPosition\":38,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":38,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":37,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"isEarlyInjection\":false,\"actualCount\":0} --><br \/>\n<!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"isEarlyInjection\":false,\"currentRuleCount\":900,\"actualCount\":0,\"hasActualCountMetThreshold\":null,\"countRemainingForInjection\":null,\"nextBlockCount\":null,\"hasCountRemainingForInjectionMetThreshold\":null} --><\/p>\n<p> As can be seen in the screenshot below, the &#8220;.tar&#8221; file is the largest, the &#8220;.tar.gz&#8221; is smaller, and the &#8220;.tar.bz2&#8221; is the smallest of the archives. <\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":38,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":38,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":38,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":181} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"body-img landscape \">\n<div class=\"responsive-img image-expandable img-article-item\">\n<figure><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"644\" height=\"210\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"ls command in a terminal window\" data-img-url=\"https:\/\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/1725436479_129_37-Important-Linux-Commands-You-Should-Know.png\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/1725436479_129_37-Important-Linux-Commands-You-Should-Know.png?resize=644%2C210&#038;ssl=1\" style=\"height:auto;max-width:100%\" title=\"\">  <\/figure>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":38,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":38,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":38,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":421} --><\/p>\n<p> To extract files from an archive file use the <code>-x<\/code> (extract) option. The <code>-v<\/code> (verbose) and <code>-f<\/code> (filename) options behave as they do when creating archives. Use <code>ls<\/code> to confirm which type of archive you are going to extract the files from, then issue the following command. <\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":38,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":38,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":38,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":689} --><\/p>\n<pre>ls<\/pre>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":38,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":38,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":38,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":693} --><\/p>\n<pre>tar -xvf songs.tar<\/pre>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":38,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":38,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":38,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":713} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"body-img landscape \">\n<div class=\"responsive-img image-expandable img-article-item\">\n<figure><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"644\" height=\"95\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"ls and tar -xvf commands in a terminal window\" data-img-url=\"https:\/\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/1725436479_649_37-Important-Linux-Commands-You-Should-Know.png\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/1725436479_649_37-Important-Linux-Commands-You-Should-Know.png?resize=644%2C95&#038;ssl=1\" style=\"height:auto;max-width:100%\" title=\"\">  <\/figure>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<p><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"before\",\"adPosition\":38,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":38,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":38,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"isEarlyInjection\":false,\"actualCount\":953} --><!-- Zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"after\",\"adPosition\":39,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":39,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":38,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"isEarlyInjection\":false,\"actualCount\":0} --><br \/>\n<!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"isEarlyInjection\":false,\"currentRuleCount\":900,\"actualCount\":0,\"hasActualCountMetThreshold\":null,\"countRemainingForInjection\":null,\"nextBlockCount\":null,\"hasCountRemainingForInjectionMetThreshold\":null} --><\/p>\n<p> The files are listed as they are extracted. Note that the Ukulele directory is also recreated for you. <\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":39,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":39,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":39,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":104} --><\/p>\n<p> To extract files from a &#8220;.tar.gz&#8221; archive, use the <code>-z<\/code> (gzip) option. <\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":39,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":39,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":39,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":184} --><\/p>\n<pre>tar -xvzf songs.tar.gz<\/pre>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":39,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":39,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":39,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":208} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"body-img landscape \">\n<div class=\"responsive-img image-expandable img-article-item\">\n<figure><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"644\" height=\"55\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"tar -xvzf command in a terminal window\" data-img-url=\"https:\/\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/1725436480_6_37-Important-Linux-Commands-You-Should-Know.png\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/1725436480_6_37-Important-Linux-Commands-You-Should-Know.png?resize=644%2C55&#038;ssl=1\" style=\"height:auto;max-width:100%\" title=\"\">  <\/figure>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":39,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":39,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":39,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":448} --><\/p>\n<p> Finally, to extract files from a &#8220;.tar.bz2&#8221; archive use the <code>-j<\/code> option instead of the <code>-z<\/code> (gzip) option. <\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":39,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":39,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":39,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":562} --><\/p>\n<pre>tar -xvjf songs.tar.bz2<\/pre>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":39,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":39,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":39,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":587} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"body-img landscape \">\n<div class=\"responsive-img image-expandable img-article-item\">\n<figure><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"644\" height=\"55\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"tar -xvjf command in a terminal window\" data-img-url=\"https:\/\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/1725436480_330_37-Important-Linux-Commands-You-Should-Know.png\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/1725436480_330_37-Important-Linux-Commands-You-Should-Know.png?resize=644%2C55&#038;ssl=1\" style=\"height:auto;max-width:100%\" title=\"\">  <\/figure>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":39,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":39,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":39,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":827} --><\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":39,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":39,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":39,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":827} --><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"top\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"34_top\"><\/span> 34. top <span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p> The <code>top<\/code> command shows you a real-time display of the data relating to your Linux machine. The top of the screen is a status summary. <\/p>\n<p><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"before\",\"adPosition\":39,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":39,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":39,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"isEarlyInjection\":false,\"actualCount\":961} --><!-- Zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"after\",\"adPosition\":40,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":40,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":39,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"isEarlyInjection\":false,\"actualCount\":0} --><br \/>\n<!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"isEarlyInjection\":false,\"currentRuleCount\":900,\"actualCount\":0,\"hasActualCountMetThreshold\":null,\"countRemainingForInjection\":null,\"nextBlockCount\":null,\"hasCountRemainingForInjectionMetThreshold\":null} --><\/p>\n<p> The first line shows you the time and how long your computer has been running for, how many users are logged into it, and what the load average has been over the past one, five, and fifteen minutes. <\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":40,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":40,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":40,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":200} --><\/p>\n<p> The second line shows the number of tasks and their states: running, stopped, sleeping and zombie. <\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":40,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":40,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":40,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":300} --><\/p>\n<p> The third line shows CPU information. Here&#8217;s what the fields mean: <\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":40,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":40,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":40,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":372} --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li> us: value is the CPU time the CPU spends executing processes for users, in &#8220;user space&#8221; <\/li>\n<li> sy: value is the CPU time spent on running system &#8220;kernel space&#8221; processes <\/li>\n<li> ni: value is the CPU time spent on executing processes with a manually set nice value <\/li>\n<li> id: is the amount of CPU idle time <\/li>\n<li> wa: value is the time the CPU spends waiting for I\/O to complete <\/li>\n<li> hi: The CPU time spent servicing hardware interrupts <\/li>\n<li> si: The CPU time spent servicing software interrupts <\/li>\n<li> st: The CPU time lost due to running virtual machines (&#8220;steal time&#8221;) <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"before\",\"adPosition\":40,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":40,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":40,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"isEarlyInjection\":false,\"actualCount\":935} --><!-- Zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"after\",\"adPosition\":41,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":41,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":40,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"isEarlyInjection\":false,\"actualCount\":0} --><br \/>\n<!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"isEarlyInjection\":false,\"currentRuleCount\":900,\"actualCount\":0,\"hasActualCountMetThreshold\":null,\"countRemainingForInjection\":null,\"nextBlockCount\":null,\"hasCountRemainingForInjectionMetThreshold\":null} --><\/p>\n<p> The fourth line shows the total amount of physical memory, and how much is free, used and buffered or cached. <\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":41,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":41,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":41,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":111} --><\/p>\n<p> The fifth line shows the total amount of swap memory, and how much is free, used and available (taking into account memory that is expected to be recoverable from caches). <\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":41,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":41,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":41,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":284} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"body-img landscape \">\n<div class=\"responsive-img image-expandable img-article-item\">\n<figure><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"644\" height=\"380\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"top command in a terminal window\" data-img-url=\"https:\/\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/1725436480_92_37-Important-Linux-Commands-You-Should-Know.png\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/1725436480_92_37-Important-Linux-Commands-You-Should-Know.png?resize=644%2C380&#038;ssl=1\" style=\"height:auto;max-width:100%\" title=\"\">  <\/figure>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":41,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":41,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":41,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":524} --><\/p>\n<p> The user has pressed the E key to change the display into more humanly digestible figures instead of long integers representing bytes. <\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":41,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":41,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":41,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":660} --><\/p>\n<p> The columns in the main display are made up of: <\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":41,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":41,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":41,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":709} --><br \/>\n<!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"isEarlyInjection\":true,\"currentRuleCount\":900,\"actualCount\":709,\"hasActualCountMetThreshold\":true,\"countRemainingForInjection\":191,\"nextBlockCount\":545,\"hasCountRemainingForInjectionMetThreshold\":true,\"nextCount\":1254} --><\/p>\n<p><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"before\",\"adPosition\":41,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":41,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":41,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"isEarlyInjection\":true,\"actualCount\":900} --><!-- Zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"after\",\"adPosition\":42,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":42,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":41,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"isEarlyInjection\":true,\"actualCount\":0} --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li> PID: Process ID <\/li>\n<li> USER: Name of the owner of the process <\/li>\n<li> PR: Process priority <\/li>\n<li> NI: The nice value of the process <\/li>\n<li> VIRT: Virtual memory used by the process <\/li>\n<li> RES: Resident memory used by the process <\/li>\n<li> SHR: Shared memory used by the process <\/li>\n<li> S: Status of the process. See the list below of the values this field can take <\/li>\n<li> %CPU: the share of CPU time used by the process since last update <\/li>\n<li> %MEM: share of physical memory used <\/li>\n<li> TIME+: total CPU time used by the task in hundredths of a second <\/li>\n<li> COMMAND: command name or command line (name + options) <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":42,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":42,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":42,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":354} --><\/p>\n<p> (The command column didn&#8217;t fit into the screenshot.) <\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":42,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":42,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":42,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":412} --><\/p>\n<p> The status of the process can be one of: <\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":42,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":42,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":42,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":454} --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li> D: Uninterruptible sleep <\/li>\n<li> R: Running <\/li>\n<li> S: Sleeping <\/li>\n<li> T: Traced (stopped) <\/li>\n<li> Z: Zombie <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":42,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":42,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":42,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":538} --><\/p>\n<p> Press the Q key to exit from <code>top<\/code>. <\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":42,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":42,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":42,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":573} --><\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":42,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":42,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":42,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":573} --><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"uname\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"35_uname\"><\/span> 35. uname <span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p> You can obtain some system information regarding the Linux computer you&#8217;re working on with the <code>uname<\/code> command. <\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":42,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":42,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":42,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":688} --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li> Use the <code>-a<\/code> (all) option to see everything. <\/li>\n<li> Use the <code>-s<\/code> (kernel name) option to see the type of kernel. <\/li>\n<li> Use the <code>-r<\/code> (kernel release) option to see the kernel release. <\/li>\n<li> Use the <code>-v<\/code> (kernel version) option to see the kernel version. <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"before\",\"adPosition\":42,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":42,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":42,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"isEarlyInjection\":false,\"actualCount\":919} --><!-- Zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"after\",\"adPosition\":43,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":43,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":42,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"isEarlyInjection\":false,\"actualCount\":0} --><br \/>\n<!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"isEarlyInjection\":false,\"currentRuleCount\":900,\"actualCount\":0,\"hasActualCountMetThreshold\":null,\"countRemainingForInjection\":null,\"nextBlockCount\":null,\"hasCountRemainingForInjectionMetThreshold\":null} --><\/p>\n<pre>uname -a<\/pre>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":43,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":43,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":43,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":10} --><\/p>\n<pre>uname -s<\/pre>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":43,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":43,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":43,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":20} --><\/p>\n<pre>uname -r<\/pre>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":43,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":43,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":43,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":30} --><\/p>\n<pre>uname -v<\/pre>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":43,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":43,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":43,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":40} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"body-img landscape \">\n<div class=\"responsive-img image-expandable img-article-item\">\n<figure><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"644\" height=\"225\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"uname command in a terminal window\" data-img-url=\"https:\/\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/1725436480_439_37-Important-Linux-Commands-You-Should-Know.png\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/1725436480_439_37-Important-Linux-Commands-You-Should-Know.png?resize=644%2C225&#038;ssl=1\" style=\"height:auto;max-width:100%\" title=\"\">  <\/figure>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":43,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":43,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":43,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":280} --><\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":43,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":43,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":43,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":280} --><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"w\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"36_w\"><\/span> 36. w <span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p> The <code>w<\/code> command lists the currently logged in users. <\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":43,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":43,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":43,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":332} --><\/p>\n<pre>w<\/pre>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":43,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":43,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":43,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":335} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"body-img landscape \">\n<div class=\"responsive-img image-expandable img-article-item\">\n<figure><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"644\" height=\"210\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"w command in a terminal window\" data-img-url=\"https:\/\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/1725436481_459_37-Important-Linux-Commands-You-Should-Know.png\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/1725436481_459_37-Important-Linux-Commands-You-Should-Know.png?resize=644%2C210&#038;ssl=1\" style=\"height:auto;max-width:100%\" title=\"\">  <\/figure>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":43,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":43,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":43,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":575} --><\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":43,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":43,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":43,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":575} --><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"whoami\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"37_whoami\"><\/span> 37. whoami <span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p> Use <code>whoami<\/code> to find out who you are logged in as or who is logged into an unmanned Linux terminal. <\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":43,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":43,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":43,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":674} --><\/p>\n<pre>whoami<\/pre>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":43,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":43,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":43,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":682} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"body-img landscape \">\n<div class=\"responsive-img image-expandable img-article-item\">\n<figure><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"644\" height=\"95\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"whoami command in a terminal window\" data-img-url=\"https:\/\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/1725436481_517_37-Important-Linux-Commands-You-Should-Know.png\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/1725436481_517_37-Important-Linux-Commands-You-Should-Know.png?resize=644%2C95&#038;ssl=1\" style=\"height:auto;max-width:100%\" title=\"\">  <\/figure>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<p><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"before\",\"adPosition\":43,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":43,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":43,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"isEarlyInjection\":false,\"actualCount\":922} --><!-- Zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"after\",\"adPosition\":44,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":44,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":43,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"isEarlyInjection\":false,\"actualCount\":0} --><br \/>\n<!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"isEarlyInjection\":false,\"currentRuleCount\":900,\"actualCount\":0,\"hasActualCountMetThreshold\":null,\"countRemainingForInjection\":null,\"nextBlockCount\":null,\"hasCountRemainingForInjectionMetThreshold\":null} --><\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":44,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":44,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":44,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":0} --><\/p>\n<p> Learning Linux is like learning anything else. You&#8217;re going to need some practice before become familiar with these commands. Once you have these commands at your fingertips, you&#8217;ll be well along the path to proficiency. <\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":44,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":44,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":44,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":230} --><\/p>\n<p> There&#8217;s an old joke \u2014 probably as old as Unix itself \u2014 that says the only command you need to know is the <code>man<\/code> command. There&#8217;s a glimmer of truth in that, but some of the man pages are impenetrable without an introduction. This tutorial should give you the introduction you need. <\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":44,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":44,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":44,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":531} --><\/p>\n<p><!-- No repeatable ad for zone: character count repeatable. --><!-- Repeatable debug data: {\"injection\":\"none\",\"adPosition\":44,\"startingPoint\":0,\"skipEvery\":null,\"nbrPlacementFilledEachSkip\":44,\"nbrPlacementsScanned\":44,\"ruleCount\":900,\"degradationStartingPoint\":1,\"stopAds\":null,\"actualCount\":851} --><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Key Takeaways Use aliases to create shortcuts for commonly used commands. This can help save keystrokes and make navigating between different systems easier. cd, mkdir, and ls are essential for using any Linux operating system through the Terminal, and you should make an effort to remember how they work. The &#8220;man&#8221; command is a great &#8230; <a title=\"37 Important Linux Commands You Should Know\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/37-important-linux-commands-you-should-know\/\" aria-label=\"Read more about 37 Important Linux Commands You Should Know\">\u0625\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":46474,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[6],"tags":[42,43],"class_list":["post-46473","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-linux","tag-linux","tag-linux-macos-terminal"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/37-Important-Linux-Commands-You-Should-Know.jpg?fit=1920%2C1080&ssl=1","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack-related-posts":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/46473","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=46473"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/46473\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/46474"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=46473"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=46473"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/goodwriterz.com\/site\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=46473"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}